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Trencher Types

A trench is a classification of excavation in the ground. Trenches are used in agriculture, military, archaeology, geology and infrastructure. In agriculture, trenches are used as a mean to transport water, draining of water and irrigation. Trenches are used in archaeology to allow archaeologists in finding materials in chronological order. In civil engineering, trenches are used to search for pipes and other underground constructions.

To dig a trench, a piece of equipment needed is known as trencher. There are different sizes of trench digging tools or machinery, from walk-behind models, attachments for a tractor or skid loader or to heavy tracked engineering vehicles. Apart from the sizes, the types of trench digging tools or machinery to be used are chosen based on the required size and hardness of the trench digging tools or machinery.

One type of trenchers is a chain trencher. It has a digging chain which is driven around a rounded metal frame or boom to cut parts of the ground. To control the depth of the cut, the angle of the boom can be adjusted.

In order to cut a trench, the boom is to be held at a fixed angle while the machine creeps backwards. If the ground is too hard to be cut by a bucket excavator, chain trencher is used. It resembles a giant chainsaw.

A wheel trencher can be mounted on rubber tires or tracks. It utilizes a number of buckets that are mounted on a wheel which moves in a circular motion during excavation of materials.

Another type of trencher is the rockwheel. It is a metal wheel with teeth, which is similar to a giant circular saw. The giant saw can be removed. It is made from high strength steel or tungsten. The teeth may need to be replaced frequently depending on the usage. This type of trencher can be used to cut hard grounds that a chain trencher cannot cut, including cutting through solid stone. A rockwheel is also used to gain access to utilities under roads and to cut pavements for road maintenance.

Portable trencher are used in landscaping, lawn care and to install utility connections that are not too deep into the ground. Lawn care specialists uses portable trencher to install irrigation lines and landscapers to install landscape edging. This classification of trencher is very light compared to the rest and is easy to operate. The cutting part of the trencher can be a metal chain or a blade which is similar to a rotary lawn mower blade which rotates in a vertical plane.

Trenchers may be combined with a geotextile feeder unit or drainage pipe and backfill hopper. This is to save more time by placing the drain or textile and filling in the trench at simultaneously. The earliest trench digging device or machine was built in the 1940s and it was based on Fordson tractor unit known as rotapeds.
Manufacturers of trenchers include Bobcat, Case, Howard, Allen, Barth, Vermeer and Eagle Wheel Trenchers. The above manufacturers sell not only the whole vehicle, but also attachments to be attached in other types of vehicles. There are new and used trenchers available on the market.

White Man’s Blues Racism and the Rise of Country Music

While I will argue that country music has a strand of racism in its roots, I doubt that is the case today, but it does seem to have emerged out of the growing popularity of black blues and rock and roll. The objection to the music of artists like Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, and other early rock and roll musicians, owes far more to its undoubted black influence and sound than anything else (the term -rock and roll’ actually originates as black slang for sexual intercourse). Indeed Buddy Holly and the Crickets were invited to perform in Harlem at the famous Apollo Theatre, which was quite shocked to discover they had hired a white band!

The so called -British Invasion’ of the 1960’s owes its origins in part to American racism of the time. Sailors from Liverpool often bought recordings of black rhythm and blues and rock and roll musicians in the 1940’s and 50’s and took them home where their influence on local musicians was profound and, importantly, unaffected by racial bias.

This led to an interesting melding of the local -skiffle’ style (remember -I’m Henry the Eighth I Am’?) and American black rhythm and blues which culminated in the music of The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Jerry and the Pace Makers, and others. Thus -cleansed’ of its black origins this new sound came back into the US as -acceptable’ and, as we know, went on to sweep America and the world. It, along with the burgeoning civil rights movement and strong endorsement from highly respected British -invader’ artists also allowed black music to finally gain some major acceptance by white audiences.

The roots of country music are varied but many will agree that the single biggest influence was the music of The Carter Family, who began recording in 1927. Some of their songs then included -Keep on the Sunny Side’, -Can the Circle be Unbroken’, and -Wildwood Flower’. They went on to host a nation wide radio show for many years.

The Carter Family were also instrumental in the American folk revival of the 50’s and 60’s, with folk artists like Bob Dylan and Joan Baez often singing their songs. The family largely played songs they had written but they also played lesser known (and uncopyrighted) popular folk songs of the rural south. During the 30’s and 40’s, in search of further uncopyrighted material, A.P. Carter, the family patriarch, went around rural South Western Virginia accompanied by black guitarist Lesley -Esley’ Riddle, collecting songs from families and communities that had never reached the mainstream. Dylan’s -The Times They are A’Changing’ began as one of these, although he changed the words and reworked it into 3/4 time.

Shortly after the war the kind of folk/country blend started to split apart. The Grand Ole’ Oprey, around since 1925 was a huge influence then as now. It featured many famous country artists such as Hank Williams, who’s bluesy sound was very reminiscent of black rhythm and blues and ushered in a distinctly new country sound. Williams himself was actually banded from the Oprey because of his chronic alcoholism. He died at age 29 in 1953.

One telling feature underlying country’s racism was there banning, of drums, electric instruments, and horns, three strong features of black music then as today. Country musicians were rather outraged by this, finally breaking this barrier around the time of the British Invasion in the 60’s. This also brings up the important point that it was not country artists who were necessarily racist (most musicians of that time of all types generally were not) but country audiences. The type of music played works like Darwinian evolution: The more popular music gets played, listened to, and broadcast regardless of the personal beliefs of its players.

Unlike black blues which it more came to imitate, it never really came from the same authentic experience as black people’s did. Whites of the South and country in general had things to complain about like anyone else but it rang whiney and hollow, just like its ubiquitous steel guitars. Songs like Tammy Wynette’s -Stand By Your Man- even had one therapist calling it -co-dependency music’.

I do not think it co-incidence that country music truly took off during the 1960’s along with the rocket like rise of rock. My belief, born out by the evidence, is that it was in direct opposition to the black inspired pervasiveness of rock and roll, and to a lesser extent does so still. Witness the almost complete absence of black artists throughout its long history, while white artists proliferate in rhythym and blues, rock, and jazz.

It might do country well to acknowledge this unfortunate aspect of its long past. It is truly evolving into a solid and mature body of music today.

Barry Hames has been an addictions therapist and writer for over 25 years. He is also the author of A Sceptic’s Guide to Faith: The Sacred and Spiritual in Everyday Life (available through clublighthousepublishing.com). He works and lives in Vancouver, BC

Gershon Richard Kwasi Norgbey – the Celebrated Educationist

Gershon Richard Kwasi Norgbey, the celebrated educationist was born at Ziavi Dzogbe in the then German Togoland on the 15th of July, 1917. During the 1960s and 1970s, he championed the cause of education in the Volta Region and in Ghana as a whole. This to a very large extent resulted in a boom of educational development in the Volta Region during those early years after Ghana’s independence.

The sixth of ten (10) children born to Togbe Norgbey Nani of the royal clan of Tsadaviefe, Ziavi and Sarah Abra Anku of Anaviefe also in Ziavi, he was named Kwasi for being born on a Sunday. He was christened and baptised Gershon to follow the tradition of Hebro-Germanic names his father gave the older boys; Gotthold and Erasmus. Gershon himself added Richard when he had Eucharistic Confirmation in the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in his youth. Though Gershon Norgbey kept his two European names, he departed from this tradition by giving all his children only indigenous EWE names . Gershon Norgbey spent his early childhood, like most children of his generation, with his parents in Ziavi.

His father Norgbey Nani was a well travelled man and had farms in the Ahamansu forest regions of the Trans-Volta Togoland, a part of which is now the Volta Region of Ghana. He was an enlightened man and though he did not have formal education, he spoke some little German and played the accordion with which he entertained his family and friends in the evening after farm work.

His mother Anku-Bra, as she was popularly known in Ziavi, was a tall beautiful woman with a lot of vim and vigour. She was the only wife of Norgbey Nani and all his ten children were born by her. She helped her husband on his farms but her main preoccupation was to take care of the house and children. Five of the children who survived to adulthood were male: Gotthold, Erasmus, Gershon Richard, Emmanuel Krakani and Philemon Atta-Kuma. All these men were highly talented and carved niches for themselves quite early in life. Gotthold was a traditionalist and a musician composer. Erasmus was a community developer, tailor and award winning farmer. Gershon Richard was a distinguished educator. Krakani was a powerful preacher, healer, farmer and carpenter. Philemon Atta-Kuma had a remarkable career as a Health Superintendent and fathered many. Tasii (Aunt) Akua or Reuben-nor was the eldest of all Mama Anku-Bra’s children. Amelia also known as Yao-nor was a bright, intelligent and active woman; she was an affluent trader. She was a cementing element in a family of energetic and strong willed men. Victoria was cool and exuded love and peace.

Mama Anku-bra’s compound was usually filled in the evening with immediate and extended family, for her cooking pots always held more than enough for her husband and children. Even after the children got married and left her care, she still cooked and shared the food with her grandchildren. The tradition of all the male in this family eating from the same bowl was so entrenched that a clich developed around it: -No one invites you to your own meal-. In those days, there were no schools in Ziavi and because Gershon’s father wanted him to go to school, he had to send him away to Ho to live with members of extended family and friends. There are no records as to when he started school but Gershon Norgbey did not start school early. He was however very bright and had to skip some classes to find academic work challenging and interesting enough. He spent only four years instead of six in the primary school. Now young Gershon did not have everything when he went to school. He told a story of how he was given an old pair of German khaki shorts by his father. The shorts obviously were too big for him and were designed to be worn with braces. He did not have braces and neither could he afford a belt so he cut a piece of twine in the forest and with it he fastened his pair of big khaki shorts in place. Before long it became fashion and all the boys in the school were wearing pieces of dried forest twines for belts. He exhibited strong leadership qualities even from this tender age. Gershon Norgbey completed Senior School in Ho in the early to mid 1930s.

Having completed Senior School, GRK, as he was popularly known in educational circles, was recruited to teach in the colonial school system as a pupil teacher. He immediately found his calling as an educator. He took the Teacher Training College examinations and entered the Presbyterian Training College, Akropong, where he completed the Certificate of Teacher Training (Certificate -B-) and later in 1957, the Certificate -A- training. He talked about this institution very fondly for years; about the proverbial Presbyterian discipline, which he fully imbibed and exhibited for all the years he lived.

Gershon Richard Norgbey returned from Akropong to continue his teaching career as a fully trained teacher in 1957. Through his career, he taught in many different towns and villages including Abutia, Akuse, Krobo Odumase, Avenui, Takla and had several tours of duty in his hometown Ziavi Dzogbe.

In the early sixties, when Kwame Nkrumah started a fee-free compulsory education system in Ghana, all local authorities were instructed to open new schools, hire teachers, and expand educational opportunities at the local level. The position of Education Secretary was therefore created in the Ho District . Senior Head Teachers were invited to compete, through examination, for the post with a mandate to open new schools in the district, hire and train teachers, place and pay staff, create and administer a system of Local Authority (LA) schools in the district. Gershon Richard Norgbey succeeded in a fierce competition for the position and became the first and the only Education Secretary for Local Authority Schools in the Ho District.

Gershon Richard Norgbey or Master Efu , as he was called in Ziavi, became a pivotal figure in the expansion of educational opportunities in the central Volta Region in the 1960s. In his official short chassis Land Rover station wagon, which was painted light brown as if to hide the dust it would pick up on the unpaved roads and tracks, he criss-crossed a virtually unopened region with a single purpose – developing education. He opened many schools in the Ho District, hired both trained and pupil teachers and ensured proper administration of these local authority schools. He also managed a system of Supply Teachers who were mostly secondary or sixth form students on holidays. These supply teachers were posted for a few days to weeks to replace substantive teachers in Primary and Middle Schools, who might be on sick leave or on permitted absence for some other reasons. With his qualification, experience, personality and drive, he could have successfully vied for ministerial positions which existed for hard working and competent Ghanaians and even sometimes for the veranda-boys in those times. At the worst, he could have jostled for the position of an executive court clown sitting aimlessly in court trying to catch the attention of TV cameramen anytime the cameras rolled by if he were a fly catcher. He chose instead to work in education where he was most effective and did not discriminate the rural from the urban.

He spoke of times when he had to abandon his Station Wagon and walked several kilometres of foot tracks to either talk to chiefs to release land for school projects or to inspect schools being built. His appearance or mention inspired hope and order among teachers, parents and pupils alike. His name assumed legendary proportions in the central districts of the Volta Region and beyond. Though the main thrust of his duties was on developing elementary or basic education, his contribution to secondary education was also immense. As Education Secretary, he served on the Boards of Governors of Mawuli School, Ho; OLA Secondary School, Ho; Amedzofe Teacher Training College and the now defunct Ho Teacher Training College. The Kpedze and Awudome Secondary Schools were second cycle schools Mr Norgbey helped in establishing in addition to the numerous Primary and Middle schools he opened.

While already seen as the role model in the Ziavi community and as an educator, it was during this period in his life that he exerted the most influence and assisted in very significant ways in promoting the importance of education in Ziavi. He hired innumerable and capable middle school leavers as pupil teachers and encouraged them to train as professional teachers. Together with his elder brother Erasmus Norgbey, they knocked at the doors of parents of bright pupils who had passed the common entrance and teacher training college examinations, and convinced them to send their children to secondary schools and colleges; sometimes under extremely difficult circumstances. The educational revolution in Ziavi was born. There are very few educated individuals in Ziavi who grew up in the 1950’s through the 1970’s whose lives were not touched in one way or the other by Gershon Norgbey’s work.

Gershon Norgbey did not only try to help others educate their children. He taught by example. With the help of his wives, he educated his own children to the extent he was capable. Today, of his thirteen (13) children (one who unfortunately passed on), at least seven (7) have University degrees with two holding PhD’s. The others have college diplomas sometimes to the highest level. Four are teachers of assistant director’s rank. There is an environmental scientist, a consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist, a pharmacist, a financial economist, a police chief inspector, a cooperative marketer, an educational technologist, and two have returned to Universities to pursue advanced degrees both in Ghana and abroad.

Eight (8) of his grandchildren by the year 2008 have acquired degrees in various disciplines and are pursuing careers in varied fields; seven (7) others are in universities in Ghana and abroad working towards degrees in the arts, sciences and business and these numbers keep growing from year to year. This is a true evidence of the lasting legacy of his educational influence.

There is no gainsaying the educational achievement of GR’s children. Many people might not immediately reckon the cost of educating this large family. It was enormous. The incidence of the financial cost of this whole praiseworthy educational endeavour however fell in most part on the mothers of these children, especially those who could not enter secondary school before his demise. Five of GR’s children were still in the first cycle (basic) schools when he died. The psychological drive for attaining educational heights which flowed down from him to his family was however not in short supply, even after his death and this spurred his children on.

Gershon Richard also personally mentored a number of individuals from the Ziavi community and beyond; with some rising to international acclaim. One such person was his nephew, the late civil engineering guru and academic, Professor Jonas Kwaku Dake.

GR Norgbey married Madam Christine Kwampa quite early in life and she bore him a number of children, four of whom survived to adulthood. In 1945, when on duty tour at Takla, GR met Madam Eugenia Mana from the Adzoe/Quarcoo family and married her. Six of the children he had with her grew to adulthood. While on duty in the 1950’s in Avenui in the Awudome Traditional Area, GR met Madam Adolphine Adae and started another family which has produced three generations of policewomen. In 1961 while on inspection of some schools in the Abutia area, he met an Anlo lady from Atiavi in the Keta District called Mary Wemasenu who was teaching in one of the Abutia villages called Keseflui. Mary became his youngest wife and bore him two sons. Truly the two youngest of GR’s children were born in 1968 – Eric Agbemafa and Margaret Apefa.

Many people did not understand why GR Norgbey decided to have many wives and also that many children. It was not quite unusual for a learned man of his stature to have more than one wife in Ghana even today. Others thought it was prestigious for him to do so considering his enormous resource mobilisation capabilities. Apart from being a good teacher, he was also a good farmer. It was said jokingly that protgs who clamoured to work on his farm often got lost within the boundaries of his vast farms and man hours were rather spent to look for them.

Some pundits said that having a large family was engrained in GR’s psyche right from childhood and was not a product of recklessness. He was born into a large family which reaped more benefits of its large size than the disadvantages of it. Times though have since changed. The average number of offspring per GR’s children, as at the end of 2008, stood at a modest 2.77.

On a serious note, GRK’s polygamous lifestyle affected his relationship with the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Ziavi. GR Norgbey was an eloquent lay preacher whose sermons were directed more at tackling social ills which plagued the Ziavi community and the politics of division which crept into the local church in those days. Delivering his fiery sermons, he stepped on toes, sometimes of bigwigs in the church. A group in the leadership of the local church conspired to keep him quiet by alluding to his multiple marriages and drew more venom from him. Although they did not attempt to excommunicate him, they tried to debar him from his pastime – mounting the pulpit to preach. GRK was a staunch believer in fairness, discipline of the mind, soul and body, and of freedom of expression and of association. He was dynamic; he was passionate about exploring opportunities and breaking new grounds. What he could not accept on any account was condoning hypocrisy and lies. He therefore moved to the Methodist Church which at that time put a lot of premium on his services as a teacher with remarkable qualities, and was more liberal with new members’ marital practices. Mr G R Norgbey therefore served his classroom teaching and head teacher years mostly in the Methodist Schools of Akuse, Avenui and Krobo Odumase.

Despite these limitations in his relationship with the church at home, he continued to be a role model, an opinion leader and a force majeure in the development efforts in his home town Ziavi – an effort to which the Evangelical Presbyterian Church was and continue to be a major partner. In December 2007, these efforts were given the due recognition and Mr Gershon Richard Kwasi Norgbey was posthumously honoured during the Centenary Celebrations of the Establishment of the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Ziavi.

Gershon Richard Norgbey was very much involved in community development activities in the Ziavi Township. His elder brother Erasmus Norgbey was the Chairman of the Ziavi Town Development Committee (a committee of which Gershon Norgbey was also a member) when the Golden Jubilee of the Ziavi EP Church was celebrated. Rare for a Ghanaian rural setting and the highly networked streets seen in Ziavi today, were constructed during those celebrations in or about the year 1957. After his brother’s death in 1968, Gershon Richard Norgbey assumed an even more prominent role as educator extra-ordinaire, counsellor and community developer.

Gershon Richard lived a very rich social life. He danced to the Ziavi Yingor (the traditional popular band in the borborbor genre) music with zest and also did the classical dances very beautifully. His presence at traditional festivals, christening ceremonies, wedding and funeral celebrations was greeted with rippling excitement. With all his achievements, he was very approachable. He had a circle of friends but a discourse of his social life will not be complete without the mention of two of his cousins and very great friends: Mr Alexander Asimadu (Uncle Sande) and Mr Francis Debrah (Uncle Prempeh). These were fine gentlemen of their time who also worked in education.

The Norgbey family is a huge family numerically. It is rare for members of this family to drop the Norgbey for another surname. It is a uniquely established name in the Volta Region and beyond. It took the able leadership of GR Norgbey to pool the energies of this family together and create a brand of surname that is carried with pride in Ghana and overseas. Little variations in spelling may occur – Norgbe, Noagbe – you are sure dealing with the same name.

Adza(father)- NYE, the single identifiable ancestor of the Awatrofe-NYE/Norgbey clan was also the royal landlord of Ziavi Dzogbe. It is a blessing to be born into a family endowed with resources and titles. With this endowment comes a big responsibility of maintaining the size and quality of the resources therein. With increasing population came pressure on natural resources and with it also came intruders, encroachers and usurpers. The blurring of strict family lines through intermarriages and squatting in Ziavi made it very difficult for land owners to defend their property. Awatrofe-Nye/Norgbey lands were no exception. Pieces of Awatrofe-Nye land were stolen with impunity and with them royal and functional titles. It took the instrumental intervention and leadership of GR Norgbey to retrieve some of this ancestral heritage. In these endeavours he invested huge amounts of money and time. His formula for success in these matters however was teamwork. -You must be ready to serve if you want to lead’, he often quipped. To get back stolen lands and titles, he sometimes had to go to court. His legal team comprised of Togbe Albert Norgbey and Togbe Kodzo Akorli Norgbey all of blessed memory. His most important ally however, was the truth. Descendants of Asiam of Anaviefe Ziavi and Ngornee of Gboxome Ziavi remained his witnesses and always attested that only three ancestors owned land in Ziavi, Awatrofe-NYE and his two cousins Asiam and Ngornee. GRK’s landmark dawn family meetings with other family elders ensured that information was updated in all households in the family on regular bases and that only verified and certified information was disseminated.

In earlier years, Gershon and his brother Erasmus Norgbey, who were actively involved in district politics, were also staunch members of Kwame Nkrumah’s Convention People’s Party (CPP). GRK and Erasmus were among the vanguards who fought for the unification of the Trans-Volta Togoland with the Gold Coast and supported the push for an early independence for Ghana.

It was told that on 5th March 1957, the eve of Independence of Ghana, members of the Freedom Party or -Ablode- (the fashion opposed to the unification) started pelting the Norgbey family house with stones, and were threatening to attack GRK, his brother Erasmus and other CPP activists holed up in the house. There were no telephone connections to Ziavi then and mobile phone technology was yet to be developed. In a brilliant security move, a note was sent to the police chief in Ho some four kilometres away through a courier who left the house carrying a bucket – ostensibly to the river (Atakpla) for water. In 20 minutes the town was filled with riot police and the siege ended abruptly as it started.

Fifty years on, all the opponents to the CPP and their children and many children and grandchildren of Gershon, Erasmus and other staunch CPP members find themselves in the National Democratic Congress (NDC), all united against the National Patriotic Party (NPP) which is in the minority in this town. The CPP is almost non-existent here. Selasi Gakplanya Norgbey, a bastion of the revived CPP in the Ho Central Constituency, passed on a few years ago and may his soul rest in perfect peace. The political landscape has changed completely. The Norgbey house is still a political hotbed but on the side of the NDC which has virtually usurped the fortunes of the CPP. The Norgbey family however lives up to its democratic ideals -one of which is freedom of association. There are a few NPP members amongst its fold today.

Following the overthrow of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah’s CPP in February 1966 and the resulting changes in local government administration, the local educational authorities were abolished. Gershon Norgbey returned home, and headed the Ziavi L A Middle School once again and for the last time. In 1969 he became a Principal Teacher and was posted to Damongo in the Northern Region as an Inspector of Schools. He impacted tremendously on the educational developments in that part of the country.

His posting to the Northern Region in 1969 coincided with the inception of political activity in the country after a three year ban by the then ruling National Liberation Council. As a political strategist, GR’s posting to the North deprived him of the opportunity to contribute effectively at home to the efforts of the National Alliance of Liberals (NAL) which was a reorganisation of members of the proscribed CPP, and was headed by Mr. Agbeli Gbedemah. Was GR Norgbey’s posting masterminded by those in power then? Did he ask to be posted up north so he could concentrate on his career as an educator? These were some of the questions asked then. The centre-right Progress Party eventually won the majority in parliament and formed the government of the second republic. The Progress Party rule however did not last long and ended with the coup d’etat of January 13, 1972.

GR’s ability to achieve results was phenomenal and this had sent the name of Norgbey and Ziavi well beyond the boundaries of the Volta Region in the early post independence years. In 1972, he returned to the Ho District Education Office and served in various capacities. He was made the officer in charge of Logistics and Textbooks, and later the district head of the Schools Inspectorate Division. He retired in 1974 after working in the District Education Office for a few years while continuing his involvement in the development activities of the Ziavi Township. In August 1977, Gershon Norgbey died at his home in Ziavi after a short illness.

At the celebration of his funeral in September 1977, all the streets which he helped to carve out 20 years earlier, were filled with mourners from all corners of the country. The funeral service was led by the Parish Priest in charge of the Methodist Church of Ghana at Ho. As representatives of schools and colleges, government, professional, social and political organisations, chiefs and individuals in their own rights filed to pay their last respect, a lone shrill voice exclaimed, -a prophet is seldom accepted in his own home!-

After the burial of GR Norgbey, the Methodist Church was established in Ziavi in the October of 1977. In appreciation of his good pedagogical works in the Methodist Educational Unit and to engender the rapid growth of the church in Ziavi, a school was established in his name in 1978: the GR Norgbey Methodist Experimental Primary School. Notwithstanding all difficulties associated with starting a school, this school was so successful that six years after its establishment, all the class six pupils who wrote the common entrance examinations were successful; a feat achieved only by elite preparatory schools in the metropolis of Accra, Tema and Kumasi.

Gershon Richard Kwasi Norgbey is remembered fondly today for his enormous contributions to the development of education in the Volta Region of Ghana, and also as an astute farmer who cultivated the first plantation size oil palm farm in Ziavi. He was a brilliant musician with a number of his light tunes still sweetly remembered today. He also contributed, in no mean measure, to developing and restructuring the chieftaincy institution in Ziavi.

The Author Mighty Agbenuke Kwaku Norgbey, (MSc Economics (Finance & Banking), Kishinev; MSc PAFI, York UK), is the 11th child of GR Norgbey.

Acknowledgements I pay solemn tributes to Uncles Krakani and Philemon Atta-Kuma Norgbey, for the insightful memories about G R Norgbey, which they shared in their lifetime with the author.

I acknowledge the contribution of Dr Segbedzi W Norgbey and Dr Gameli K Norgbe for providing the sketch text which was developed into this piece.

Thanks to Eric Agbemafa Norgbey who proofread the article and suggested necessary revisions to make this historical account an interesting reading.

Explanatory Notes

The Ho District 1The Ho District then was a very expansive area covering the Awudome, Sokode, Abutia, Adaklu, Ho, Avatime, Kpedze, Ave, Agotime, Etordome, Anfoeta, Saviefe, Ziavi, Taviefe, Klefe, Matse, Agogoe, Dzolo, Tanyigbe, Nyive, Akrofu, Hlefi, Hodzo and other enclaves. Each of these enclaves contained more than two towns or villages with some having as many as 36 towns and villages. A few of these traditional areas had towns which were already urban in structure and could have quite a number of schools eg Ho, Tsito, Kpedze, Vane, Amedzofe and Kpetoe. The substantial part of the district was however underdeveloped and rural, and needed a lot of educational development.

Indigenous Ewe Names 2GRK christened his children Semadzi, Elesi, Semabia, Segbedzi, Sefakor, Amewodzina, Enyonam, Mawutor, Gameli, Mawusi, Agbetor, Agbenuke, Agbemafa, and Apefa. His brother Erasmus also gave his children names like Selete, Senagbe, Semenyo, Selasi, Babanaeto, Apenorvi and Eli among others.

In Ewe traditional religion, God – Mawu, Nature/Fate – Se, and Life – Agbe are considered Supreme and are used interchangeably. Semabia – I will ask God/Nature/my Fate Segbedzi – God’s bidding/Nature’s bidding/Life’s bidding Senagbe – God gives life/nature gives life/ Life gives life.

For example, the three meanings of Senagbe confirm the ability of the many concepts in Ewe traditional wisdom to converge religious doctrine (biblical teaching) and evolutionary science (Darwinism). God is life – God the Creator; Nature gives life- creation of life from matter, evolution by natural selection. Life gives life – you can only give what you are/have.

Master Efu 3 -Efu- is an Ewe word which means Bone in English. Not many could tell the origin of this appellation. One school of thought had it that GR Norgbey was so good academically that he was nicknamed -Bone- or -Efu- to show how intelligent he was.

Some other people associated the name with GR’s tall lanky physique and called him -Bone- or -Efu- for not having a lot of flesh.

The Volta Region of Ghana

Location: The easternmost Region of Ghana, bordered by the Eastern Region to the west, the Greater Accra Region to the southwest, the Gulf of Guinea to the south, the Northern Region to the north and the Republic of Togo to the east.

The People: The people of the Volta Region are predominantly Ewe. The Ewe (Fon) language is also spoken in the Republic of Togo and the west of Republic of Benin. The Volta Region is also home to the Guan clans of Avatime, Akpafu, Buem, Bowiri, Nkonya, Logba, Tafi, Nyangbo, Likpe and Santrokofi. Some Akan and Dangbe people are also found in this region.

Major Towns: Ho, Keta, Anloga, Aflao, Denu, Kpando, Hohoe, Jasikan

Tourist Attractions: The Wli / Agumatsa Waterfall – the highest waterfall in West Africa. Location: Hohoe District

Afadjato Mountains – Highest Mountain Peak in Ghana. Location: Liati, Hohoe District

Tafi Monkey Sanctuary – rare exhibition of human/wildlife cohabitation. Location: Tafi Atome, Hohoe District

Kente Village – every household has a loom on which the kente fabric (traditional Ewe/Ashanti textile) is woven. Location: Agotime Kpetoe, Adaklu Anyigbe District

Fort Prezenstein – Keta, Keta Municipality

Kalakpa Resource Reserve – Abutia Mountains. Location: Abutia, Ho Municipality

The Roman Catholic Church Grotto – Awe-inspiring religious scenery – Location: Kpando Agbenorxoe, Kpando District

Fresh Tilapia Joints: Sogakope, South Tongu District

Water Sports: Volta River, Sogakope, South Tongu District

Home Roasted Coffee (Ziavi tutui): Ziavi, Ho Municipality

Organic Bananas: Ziavi, Ho Municipality

Traditional Festivals Hogbetsotso – the great migration of the Ewe people. Venue: Anloga, Anlo State.

Yam Festival – Asogli Traditional Area, Venue: Ho

Awazorli – the migration of the Ewe people. The festival is celebrated by the Ziavi, Botoku, Mepe, Kpedze and Kpando Dzigbe Communities. Venue: Rotates among the Awazorli communities

Hotels: Chances Hotel, Ho Pensioners’ House, Ho

CONTINUITY This text will be revised periodically on receipt of additional information on GR Norgbey, his life and contribution to education in Ghana.

The Pros And Cons Of Civil Partnership And Civil Partnership Dissolution

In 2004 the government introduced new legislation which permitted the civil union of same sex couples. The first official civil partnership was created in 2005.

The introduction of civil partnerships in the UK was welcomed by many same sex couples who could now have a legal commitment to each other and would have many of the same rights of an opposite sex married couple – including the ability to formally dissolve their relationship in a civil partnership dissolution (or civil partnership divorce as it is still more commonly known).

There are many advantages, legally, financially and otherwise, when a same sex couple enters into civil partnerships. For example, transfers between partners are exempt from capital gains tax and have rights to intestacy in the unfortunate situation that one of the partners dies. (If the partner who passes away has a will, the other civil partner may be entitled to all or some of their estate). Whereas if a same sex couple had not entered into a civil partnership and one of them had died, the other partner would probably not be entitled to anything left in their partner’s will. There is greater protection from domestic violence under a civil partnership. Through agreement or a Court order, partners can obtain legally-binding “parental responsibility”. Civil partners also have the same entitlement benefits as a spouse for state and occupational scheme pensions for service.

However, there are also many potential disadvantages of entering into a civil partnership. In financial terms, before the couple entered into a civil partnership, they may have been able to have capital gains tax relief on two separate properties, but they can now only have it on one property. When both of the partners in a partnership are involved in joint business activities, there is a chance their corporation tax is increased when they are together as civil partners. Financial issues aside, the biggest potential drawback of entering into a civil partnership may be the issues surrounding the dissolution of civil partnership.

There is a great deal to take into account when formalising a civil partnership divorce, including how finances and property are split or distributed, and how children are cared for if there are any involved. The process of civil partnership dissolution is highly comparable to a divorce, not least the fact that any dissolution can only be initiated by one partner after twelve months of the civil partnership.

If you are unsure about the consequences of entering into a civil partnership, or you want to start the process of civil partnership dissolution following the breakdown of your relationship, it may be appropriate to seek professional legal advice. You can then assess your options and examine the implications of the choice you decide to make.

Women In The Airforce How Wasps Contributed To The Wwii War Effort

Over 60 years ago when the U.S. faced a severe shortage of combat pilots to serve in World War II, a group of incredible women stepped up to help. These fly girls flew light trainers, heavy four-engine bombers, transport aircraft and fighters virtually every type of Air Force aircraft there was on missions all around the United States to free up male pilots needed in the war overseas. They were the first women in history to fly American military aircraft and broke ground for female pilots who would later join the ranks of the U.S. Air Force. The Women Air Force Service Pilots (WASP) program was one of the best kept secrets of World War II. WASPs are still unknown to most Americans today, but in the summer of 2009 they gained some hard-earned recognition when President Barack Obama signed into a law a bill that awarded them the Congressional Gold Medal.

Getting the WASP program itself off the ground was a hard-won accomplishment against gender bias. It took more than a decade due to initial resistance from people in the military. In 1930 the War Department considered the idea, but chief of the U.S. Army Air Corps had called the idea of women pilots utterly unfeasible, because women were too high strung. As America moved towards war, however, this view softened. In 1939 Americas most famous female pilot, Jacqueline Cochran, wrote to then-First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt to propose a womens corps of pilots. By 1942 a womens aviator program was finally launched.

As many as 25,000 women volunteered for spots but recruiting requirements were even more stringent than they were for men women had to already have earned a pilots license. Ultimately, only 1,830 volunteers were accepted into the program, of which 1,074 graduated. Recruits made their way from around the country, paying their own way, to a municipal airport in Houston, Texas and later to Avenger Field near Sweetwater where they underwent the same rigorous training as their male counterparts.

After graduation the women pilots fanned out to military bases around the country. Their duties included ferrying personnel and supplies, delivering aircraft from one base to another, flight instruction, test flying all types of planes, and towing targets for air-to-air and anti-aircraft gunnery practice with live ammunition. In some cases women flew aircraft that some men wouldnt fly, like the B-26 Marauder and the B-29 Superfortress, to demonstrate that these planes werent as difficult to fly as believed. Overall, they logged 60 million miles in flight.

Although they never saw combat, 38 WASPs made the ultimate sacrifice by giving their lives in service to their country. Mary Elizabeth Trebing (shown in photo) of Louisville, Colorado was one of those killed when she encountered engine failure on a PT-19 training flight over northern Oklahoma only 18 months into the program. Gertrude Tompkins is the only WASP who has never been accounted for. She was last seen piloting a P-51D Mustang fighter from Los Angeles and is presumed lost at sea. The search for her plane is still ongoing.

The WASP program grew for two years after its launch until it was suddenly and unceremoniously terminated in December 1944 due to increasing political opposition and a greater availability of male pilots. It did so against the strong opposition of five-star General H. H. Hap Arnold, Chief of the Army Air Forces and one of the initiators of the program, who believed the WASPs were a vital element in the war effort. At the last WASP graduating class, just days before the programs demise, General Arnold honored the women with the following comments:

You … have shown that you can fly wingtip to wingtip with your brothers. If ever there was doubt in anyone’s mind that women could become skilled pilots, the WASPs dispelled that doubt. I want to stress how valuable the whole WASP program has been for the country.

In the end, Americas first women pilots made their way home the way they had come, paying their own way. Even the 38 dead required a collection from colleagues and family alike before their bodies could be shipped home. Although WASPs had enjoyed the privileges of officers, Congress refusal to militarize a womens program meant the aviatrices remained civil servants in the eyes of the military. They received neither veteran benefits nor recognition from the government for their service to the country. And because the pilots who died were killed in military aircraft the record of their service was sealed up as Top Secret.

For more than 30 years WASPs were the forgotten heroines of World War II. Then in 1976, when the Air Force announced it was training the first women to fly for the military,” surviving WASPs and their supporters came forward to fight for their rightful place in history. In November 1977, 32 years ago this month, President Jimmy Carter signed a bill granting veterans status to former WASPs. This summer President Barack Obama took the gesture even further by signing the bill awarding WASPs the Congressional Gold Medal. Congress commissions these medals as its highest expression of national appreciation for distinguished achievements and contributions.

After 65 long years, the service of this dedicated group of women is finally making headlines. WASPS played a special role in many Veterans Day celebrations around the country in 2009, and Americans are finally beginning to learn of their countrys wartime debt to Americas very first fly-girls. Sadly, with former WASPs now reaching into their 80s and 90s, only a fraction of them survive today to accept this long-deserved accolade. But at least their service is now forever recognized, honored and immortalized.

WomenOf.com owes a special thanks to Gordon and Tracey Page for their assistance with this article.

The Relevance Of Political News In Today’s World

In order to understand what political news is all about, it is first necessary to define the two words in the phrase. “Politics”, as we generally use it, refers to civil governance and the various strategies involved in formulating and executing policies. However, in its simplest form, politics is the process through which power is acquired and maintained, and collective decisions are made by a group of people.

The term “news” refers to the sharing of information related to current events. Political news, therefore, involves the aggregation, redaction, and dissemination of information regarding the current state of politics.

Significance Of Political News:

In the times of today, global trade has assumed such massive proportions that countries are more interlinked than ever before. Any event affecting one country can have far-reaching consequences on several other nations.

Technological advancement has allowed the vast expanse of the world to be traversed in mere hours. This means that events affecting human life are no longer confined by geographical boundaries. Problems concerning terrorism can easily spread from one country to another. A ballistic missile can be directed from one corner of the world to another.

In such a scenario, world political coverage assumes significance as the dynamics of power and relationships between countries keep changing. With the affairs of nations being so completed, the policies and decisions of one country can inevitably affect others too. Consequently, the political happenings in one nation can be of great concern to several others. Thus, political news plays a vital role in inter-country relationships.

This news is especially vital to the existence of modern-day democratic society. In order for governance “of the people, by the people,” to be possible, it is essential that the public be aware of the current happenings in their state politics. Reporting this information is the role of the news media outlets.

Mediums Of Political News And Media Responsibility:

“News media” refers the various forms of information transfer and distribution. This collectively includes print (newspapers or magazines), television, radio, and online news portals.

The process of gathering and reporting of news has come a long way from its primitive beginnings. Several advanced media of communication now exist that make it possible to share and transmit information all around the world at the click of a button.

These channels of communication have improved the outreach of news, making it more readily accessible to the masses. The emergence of Internet has further taken reporting to the next level, providing a system of information sharing that can be contributed to by millions of people.

However, all this comes with grave social responsibility. The immense power of broadcasting to millions must be handled carefully. Care must be taken that there is no misrepresentation of facts.

Even more critically, media morals must be in place to ensure that disinformation (deliberately wrong information to mislead people) is never publicized. The press is socially obliged to avoid spreading material depicting gratuitous violence, and inciting religious, racial, or ethnic hatred.

In summary, political news is a vital agent influencing the course of complex international relationships. It is the duty of the media to provide unbiased, accurate, truthful and fair reportage.

Divorce Can Destroy Family If Not Careful

Few things are as tragic or traumatic as a divorceespecially for any school-aged children who may be involved. It is almost a given that despite the best intentions of the parents to keep everything civil, children will still generally choose sides and ultimately decide who they believe caused the divorce. For this parent, reconciliation can seem like an unending nightmare. In many cases, the scars caused by a divorce will linger on in a family for generations to come. While many families choose the let’s not talk about the divorce strategy, few children can accept such a closed-minded answer.

Few divorces begin mutually. There is usually one spouse who files for divorce first and ends up hurting the feelings of the other in the process. It is common for children to identify with the parent who was served papers, especially if they are perceived as an innocent victim or at least as the parent who was trying to make the marriage work. Many children will blame the parent who filed for divorce even when it was actually the better thing to dofor all involved.

It is also common for the children of a divorce to have more sympathy and respect for the parent who has primary custody. This parent is generally perceived as the one who must work a job PLUS take care of the children while the other parent only has to send a check and maybe spend some time with them on the weekends. If deliberate steps are not immediately taken to establish a relationship with the children after the divorce has been finalized.

The primary problem is one of trust. The child often feels betrayed by the parent who, in their mind, caused the family to split up. The only way to reestablish this trust is to make sure to be completely honest when they ask questions and to make sure that all commitments are honoredin other words, the child now wants, or rather expects, the offending parent to now treat them with the respect that they did not receive prior to the divorce.

A divorce does not always have to have a good and a bad parent. It is possible that the family can survive a divorce without completely breaking apart at the seams. When children are involved, it is important to reestablish trust with them by being completely honest and fulfilling all commitments made to them. Only by treating children with respect and giving them a voice in family affairs will there still be a family after a divorce.

Civil Engineering and Construction Jobs in India

Civil Engineering is considered to be one of the oldest engineering disciplines among others like mechanical, electrical, chemical, military, aeronautical, and software engineering. Civil Engineering deals with planning, designing and executing construction activities that include physical and natural structures. It involves structuring public works like roads, buildings, bridges, canals, tunnels, airports, dams, ports, sewage systems and multitude of others. It takes place on all levels in both public and private sectors, from municipal to federal and from individual homeowners to international companies.

Civil Engineering is generally divided into several sub-disciplines that could be: (a) environmental engineering, (b) geotechnical engineering, (c) structural engineering, (d) transportation engineering, (e) municipal or urban engineering, (f) Water resources engineering, (g) materials engineering, (h) coastal engineering, (i) Construction engineering and (j) research engineering. Being such a vast field, civil engineering jobs in India are, of course, in plenty and with boom in real estate sector of the country, they have grown in numbers. It has always been one of the hottest professions with high demand for experts and professionals from this area.

Civil Engineering is one of the most superior or high-ranking professions in India. The need for improvement in infrastructure to match the international standards is realized today, generating jobs for civil engineers. Infrastructure of our country is either not very robust or too old to bear the shocks from natural calamities or otherwise. Many roads need immediate repair; sewage systems require constant attention; various flyovers and bridges have to be built and a lot of other structural maintenance and development works is also due. All such activities ask for services from engineers so that these multifarious problems can be solved properly.

Profile of Civil Engineers

The primary responsibility of civil engineers is to plan and design a project, construct it to the required scale and maintain the product. Not only high levels of engineering knowledge but supervisory and administrative skills are also required. Planning projects involve site investigation, feasibility studies, coming up with solutions to possible complications and the actual structural designing. Civil engineers have to work according to the guidelines of the local government authority and get plans approved by them. Preparing cost estimates, setting construction schedules, maintenance and repair of work is also an important part of their job. Construction work also implies dealing with clients, contractors, government officials, architects and supervision of work.

Henceforth, civil engineers are responsible for designing and administering the construction of public structures and facilities like roads, bridges etc. Most of the companies demand specific specializations suitable to the respective job profile.

Like in other fields, civil engineering and construction jobs usually start on a low responsibility note. As an employee demonstrates his level of proficiency in the field, tasks become more and more responsible. The job opportunities for civil engineers are diverse as well as dynamic as they work in diverse settings varying from a plush modern office to a job site in remote areas. Also, more often than not, construction jobs may involve traveling within or maybe outside the city.

Team work and coordination plays a crucial role for civil engineers as they mostly work in big teams. Construction professionals can work in state or central government projects as well as in private concerns or overseas. Civil engineering jobs also include being a supervisor of the construction site; a managerial position in design or research and teaching in both government and private services. The option of working as independent consultants is also open to civil engineering professionals.

The scope for civil engineering and construction jobs in India is huge, you may start exploring options with help of job portals like naukri.com, India’s leading job site.

Deepika writes on behalf of Naukri.com, the no.1 job portal in India.She writes on topics like Engineering Jobs, Jobs and increasing work concentration.

Best Lawyers In History

Lawyers often get a bad rap for a variety of reasons and the public generally views them as amoral but necessary nuisances. And while some lawyers very easily fit this description (see Devil’s Advocate: History’s Most Controversial Lawyers), it would be a grave mistake to lump all attorney’s into this unfortunate stereotype. After all, a court of law was amongst the first societal innovations to accompany the rise of civilization, and in the same way that there are two sides to every story – there are two lawyers in every trial.

So in an effort to pay tribute to some our great unsung courtroom cowboys, we’ve listed the greatest lawyers in history.

Abraham Lincoln
Though Abraham Lincoln is most known for his battle to end slavery as the 16th President of the United States, many are unaware of his earlier career battling in the court of law.

Born in Kentucky to a family of uneducated farmers, Lincoln left his humble upbringings to travel to New Salem, Illinois where he worked a variety of odd jobs all while teaching himself the inner-workings of law. When he was finally granted the right to practice as an attorney, he got to work immediately and quickly became one of Illinois’ most formidable lawyers. During his tenure as a lawyer, he tackled any kind of case imaginable- including trials for medical malpractice, corporate misconduct, murder, slander, fraud and many more.

In retrospect, it’s easy to see how Lincoln’s 20+ year long career as an attorney helped shape him into the masterful politician he would later become by sharpening his debate skills and keeping him in touch with the issues that matter to the public. And considering the fact that he went on to become one of the nation’s greatest Presidents should stand as evidence that being a lawyer doesn’t necessarily make you a lowlife- it just predisposes you to being a lowlife, which makes it all the more impressive that Lincoln turned out so cool.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi
The fact that this guy is credited for having liberated India from tyranny, influenced a sweeping world-wide trend towards civil rights and became the de facto spiritual leader for a generation might make it surprising to know that he was also a gifted attorney. But such was the man, the myth, the legend of Gandhi.

Gandhi’s career as a lawyer began in London during the late 1800’s where he received his degree in law. He later moved to South Africa to pursue a career in law, but upon arrival he was faced with extreme racial prejudice against him and other Indians. After being beaten and discriminated against, he became involved in civil rights cases defending other Indian immigrants. A crucial moment in his life as a lawyer came after he refused to remove his turban during a court trial – an event that inspired his move towards activism and non-violent civil protest.

After being imprisoned in South Africa for his activism, Gandhi returned to India where he led the fight against the tyrannical British Empire, eventually resulting in India’s independence.

Though Gandhi’s career in law was ultimately overshadowed by his spiritual and political guidance, his history as a lawyer is still enough for him to qualify for this list – as if he needed another excuse to go down in history.

Thurgood Marshall
Even more than Martin Luther King or Malcolm X, the rise of the civil rights movement and eradication of discriminatory laws against African-Americans can be attributed to the work of Thurgood Marshall. Whereas Martin Luther King and others led the battles in the streets, Thurgood Marshall led the battles in the court and has easily become one of America’s most historic lawyers.

After receiving his law degree from Howard University in 1933, Marshall set up a practice in Baltimore where he began taking on major civil rights cases and quickly became one of the country’s most prominent lawyers, winning his first Supreme Court case at the age of 32.

His most famous case came in 1954 with the now historic Brown v. Board of Education trial which overturned the infamous “separate but equal” laws that had been enforced since the abolition of slavery in the 1800’s.

In total, Marshall won 29 of the 32 cases he argued before the Supreme Court and later went on to become the first African-American to serve as a Supreme Court Justice- a position he held for nearly 25 years. Ultimately, Thurgood Marshall’s successes in law represents one of the brightest times in the judicial system’s history and provided proof to the efficacy of the American court of law.

Alan Dershowitz
Alan Dershowitz is one of the most famous lawyers in the world and he has won numerous distinctions for his work in civil rights. Newsweek has called him “[one of] the most distinguished defenders of individual rights,” and Time describes him as being “a sort of judicial St Jude,” all of which combine to make him one of the greatest lawyers in history and the only attorney on this list still practicing.
Dershowitz graduated from Yale Law School first in his class in 1962 where he was editor-in-chief of the Yale Law Journal. He then went on to join the faculty of Harvard Law where he became the youngest full professor of law in Harvard’s history at the age of 28.

During his time as an attorney, he practiced a great deal of criminal law and was involved in several of the country’s most high-profile court cases, including the trials of Patricia Hearst, Leona Helmsley, Mike Tyson and OJ Simpson. He has since become one of Israel’s most outspoken defenders and is a recipient of the William O Douglas First Amendment Award from the Anti-Defamation League for his work on civil rights.

Though Derschowitz has also been the source of much controversy, his battle for civil rights and his prodigal understanding of law will undoubtedly go down as his greatest legacy, which is why Alan Dershowitz tops off this list of history’s greatest lawyers.

Paul Chehade Is Register As A United States Presidential Candidate For The 2016 Election.

Paul Chehade, announced today that his candidacy has officially applied with the US Federal Election Commission and has been approved as a Presidential Candidate for the 2016 Election.

The National Election Committee for the U.S. Presidential candidate Paul Chehade, announced today that his candidate has officially applied with the US Federal Election Commission and has been approved as a Presidential Candidate for the 2016 Election.

The official statement of candidacy can be viewed below:

Federal Election Commission:

CHEHADE, PAUL

CHALLENGER

Office Sought: President

Election Year: 2016

State: Presidential Candidate

Party: IND (Independent)

Paul Chehade Ideology complete:

Paul Chehade was born in Wilmington, Delaware on October 26, 1965. He is a political truth and righteous seeker, successful business entrepreneur, humanitarian rights activist and ideologist, polyglot, musician, writer; was and has sophisticated his character by a plan of virtues, which he believes in and continues to practice in order to develop his uprightness which it is the foundation for his solid moral.

Such moral is based on respect for the human customs and believes, knowledge, religious tendencies (as long as those do not hurt society but do provide love, brotherhood and progress in peace and harmony) regardless of color, race and culture.

His character is based on Temperance, Discipline, Silence, Order, Resolution, Frugality, Industry, Sincerity, Justice, Moderation, Cleanliness, Tranquility, Chastity, and Humbleness.

Paul Chehade is a believer of the practical and democratic values of prudence, hard work, education, honesty, spiritual development, self-governing institutions and opposes to authoritarianism both political and religious based on scientific and tolerant values of the Enlightenment.

Paul Chehade supported the idea of basic rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled. Human rights include civil and political rights, such as the right to life and liberty, freedom of expression, and equality before the law; and social, cultural and economic rights, including the right to participate in culture, the right to food, the right to work, and the right to education and health.

Paul Chehade is the Chairman of the Board of a diversity group of corporations since 1999, which are dedicated totally to serve the ill-timed humans, regardless of a person’s religion, race, ethnicity, or gender, as a demonstration of God’s unconditional love for all people, helping communities worldwide.

Ethical junction making choices easy.

Values & Principles:

Paul Chehade was born in a Catholic family. Based on the principles expressed in the Bible, which Paul Chehade has been raised with; profound values and the riches of his Christian traditions lead him to base his desire to serve the community in neighborly love as preached by Jesus Christ.