Category Archives: Civil

Medieval Blacksmith Information

Medieval Blacksmiths has as much influence on shaping the age they lived in as they did on the metals they worked on. Medieval Europe was the time of the first great advancements in science and technology and new practices in farming, fabrication, construction and fighting were constantly being introduced. None of these would have been possible without the blacksmith.

The medieval blacksmith first came into being as a part time metal worker. In small settlements scattered all over the continent, a person with the right physique was chosen, or volunteered, to do his best in heating and shaping iron to meet the needs of the community her lived in. This was part time work to be done only when the primary duties were completed. However, as the part time iron workers skills kept improving, the demand for these goods also grew and so producing and selling metal work became a profitable profession.

As the settlements grew in size and more blacksmiths set up shop, the first guilds came into being. There guilds where more than just trade unions. They set the basics standards that the blacksmiths would work to and allowed the sharing of knowledge among the members. Although most tradesmen guilds of the time were secretive, the blacksmiths guilds were more so than most because theirs was a trade that not everyone could undertake and which also required specialized knowledge which was kept closely guarded. This gave the medieval blacksmith an important and powerful position in the society of the times. Blacksmiths had to be treated with respect or else the house builder would find his nails bending or the knight his sword breaking in battle.

The guilds adopted the apprentice approach to teaching young men the trade. Boy of 15 or so would be apprenticed to a master blacksmith and would live with him as part student and part servant. The apprentice would do all the cleaning and menial chores in both the forge and, if need be, in the blacksmiths home. He would normally live and sleep in the forge itself and would be responsible for its upkeep, cleanliness and ensuring the forge was lit and ready to use. Initially he would just observe the master blacksmith at work but slowly, as time passed would be allowed to participate in minor aspects of the forging process until such time as he could perform simple blacksmith jobs on his own. Once the master blacksmith was confident of the apprentice skills, he would be given more complex work to do, always under the supervision of his master, until such time as the master was satisfied that the apprentice had learned all that the master could teach, at which time he was allowed to go forth and set up his own forge.

The blacksmith was an important member of society and in times of civil unrest or war was allowed to live and work within the premises of the local castle, which was the most secure place. The army needed it armaments and having their blacksmiths captured or killed by the enemy meant that the armys ability to fight was severely limited. Blacksmithing was not a glamorous profession in medieval times unlike the writer, artist or knight; but his contribution to the society he lived in was as much, if not more, than those to whom he supplied his goods.

Immigration To Canada Documents (part 2)

Gathering forms and documents

You may be asking yourself: what happens next? Well, once your application is received, it will be evaluated. If the application is complete, then you will receive an Acknowledgment of Receipt. Once you receive this document, you don’t have anything to worry about!

Do you know why? Because if the Pass-Mark changes, your application would not be affected! After you receive this document, you will have several days (even a few months) to gather your supporting documentation. I strongly recommend following the steps on this section to prepare your supporting documents even before they are requested by the Visa Officer.

However, even if you finish gathering your documents, don’t send them to the Visa Office until the ask you to do so! Otherwise they will send the package back to you. Just have the documents ready so that it is much easier for you to send them right after you receive a formal request from the Government.

In my opinion, gathering the supporting documents is the longest part of the application process. However, if you organize everything properly, you can make this part of the application process very simple.

The main purpose of the supporting documents is to proof to the Canadian Government that you have all the characteristics required to meet the pass mark and be eligible to be a Canadian Permanent Resident.

The supporting documents may vary from one country to another; however I will provide a detailed explanation of the documents that are normally required to submit your application.

1. Personal and Financial Information
Identity and Civil Status Documents
Children’s information
Travel documents / passports
Proof of Relationship in Canada
Arranged Employment in Canada – if applicable
Non accompanying family members declaration if applicable
Proof of Settlement Funds
Police Certificates
Photos

2. Education and Language Ability
For principal applicant and spouse: Post-secondary education documents, College or university documents, Transcripts and Professional qualifications certificates.
Language test results or support written document

3. Work Experience
For principal applicant and spouse: notarized employment contract from present and past employer (w/ English / French translation), original and current letters of reference from previous and current employers, a business card of the person signing.

In the following sections I will explain in more detail the documents you need to gather in each category. If you decide to hire an Immigration Representative, you should review these documents with him/her. However, do not forget that the process is simple and you can apply by yourself if you gather the documents and submit your application properly.

Remember that you may be requested by the Government to send other documents (not included in this book). However, in the following sections you will find detailed information about the documents that the Government normally requests from applicants.

IMPORTANT: I recommend sending with your application NOTARIZED copies of all the documents that I will describe in the following sections, except for the following (which should be ORIGINAL):
Immigration Forms
Academic Transcripts
Police Certificates
Bank Statements
Letters of reference
Language test(s) results
Photos

Personal and Financial Information

This category of documents includes information related to personal information, financial and criminal records. As mentioned previously, the documents included in this category are the following:

a) Identity and Civil Status Documents
b) Children’s information
c) Travel documents / passports
d) Proof of Relationship in Canada
e) Arranged Employment in Canada – if applicable
f) Non accompanying family members declaration if applicable
g) Proof of Settlement Funds
h) Police Certificates
i) Photos

a) Identity and Civil Status Documents
Birth certificate
Marriage
Final Divorce
Annulment or Separation
Death certificate for former spouse should – if applicable.
Citizenship certificate or permanent resident visa (copy) for any family members who are Canadian citizens or permanent residents of Canada

b) Children’s Information
Children’s birth certificate (showing the name of their parents)
Adoption papers (if applicable)
Proof of custody (children under 18 years of age) and proof that the children may be removed from the jurisdiction of the court
Proof that the principal applicant has fulfilled any obligation stated in custody agreements (only if the children will not be accompanying the applicant to Canada)
Proof of full-time studies (only dependent children 22 years of age or more). You should include:

i. School transcripts (since 22 years of age)
ii. Letters from each school indicating numbers of days attended per week and number of hours per day
Proof of financial support by parents (since 22 years of age)

c) Travel Documents and Passports
Passports / travel documents for:
o Principal applicant
o Spouse or common-law partner
o Dependent children (Only pages showing passport number, date of issue, expiry date, photo, name, date and place of birth)
Copy of visa of the country where you currently live (only if you live in a country different from your country of nationality)

d) Proof of Relationship in Canada
Proof of relationship to a close relative in Canada, such as:
o Birth certificate
o Marriage certificate
o Adoption certificate
Proof of person’s status in Canada (copy of permanent residence card, visa, or Record of Landing)
Proof of Canadian citizenship (if applicable), such as:
o Copy of Canadian passport
o Canadian citizenship card

e) Arranged employment in Canada (if applicable)
Copy of work permit (If the principal applicant is currently working in Canada)
Confirmation Letter (Arranged Employment Opinion) from Human Resources Skills Development Canada (HRSDC) if you have a permanent job offer in Canada.

Famous Libra Celebrities

Those who belong to the Libra sun sign are born between September 24 and October 23. Libra is the only inanimate sign of the zodiac and those who are born under this sun sign are known for their charm, elegance and good taste. They are also extremely gentle and are natural lovers of harmony and beauty. Given below are 5 famous Libra celebrities.

Brigitte Anne-Marie Bardot is a famous French actress and singer. She has acted in several films and became famous for her role in Roger Vadim’s film, -And God Created Women-. She has also won several awards for her lively roles.

Anna Eleanor Roosevelt was the first lady of the United States who supported the New Deal policies of her husband, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. She continued to be a speaker, politician, international author and activist for the New Deal coalition even after her husband’s demise.

Henry Graham Greene was a popular English playwright and author whose works explore the political and moral issues of the modern world. His works were based on Catholic religious themes. The Power and the Glory, Brighton Rock, The End of the Affair are some of his leading works.

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 and was a great ideological leader of India during the Independence movement. He firmly believed in the concepts of Ahimsa and Satyagrapha. His leadership and philosophy enabled India to become free from the British rule. He also inspired movements for freedom and civil rights across the world.

T. S. Eliot was a famous U.S born British playwright, literary critic and poet of the 20th century. Some of his best-known poems in the English language include The Hollow Men, The Waste Land, Ash Wednesday and others. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1948.

The aforesaid celebrities were known for their well balanced work and good perception skills. Librans are also known for their critical ability with which they are able to view their own efforts as well as those of others. While some may be content with what they have, others may be very ambitious. Librans can succeed as lawyers, administrators, lawyers, bankers, artists and civil servants.

Bye-bye Birdie Yes, You Can Scare Birds Away

While most birds are loved by man, pest birds represent a significant and ongoing problem. According to the FAA, bird strikes cost civil aviation almost $500 million a year. Keep in mind that just one bird can destroy an expensive jet engine in just seconds. The fact is, bird strikes on military airfields endanger our troops, can jeopardize the mission and ruin equipment. It’s easy to see why many people look for ways to scare birds away.

Growers don’t much care for pest birds either. Native and non-native bird species have been known to cause crop losses in vineyards–typically 30 percent to as much as 100 percent. Pest birds can quickly devour seeds and ripening fruit. Many growers pull out all the stops to scare birds away.

In the cities and urban areas, pest birds can wreak havoc with building facades, statues, schools, public playgrounds and parks. Bird droppings can destroy the paint on cars and buildings. They leave an unsightly mess and can carry a number of communicable diseases. Diseases transmitted by birds include aspergillosis, salmonellosis, thrush, avian tuberculosis, coccidiosis, cryptococcoses, encephalitis, histoplasmosis, Newcastle disease, toxoplasmosis and West Nile virus. No wonder so many municipalities have spent considerable sums of money to scare birds away.

The feral pigeon is by far the most prolific urban pest bird in the world. Originally descended from the domesticated rock dove, they are now wild and live in close proximity to man. Feral pigeons are scavengers, scrounging for food in cities and town centers, where they are often eagerly fed by the general public. Feral pigeon populations are on the rise due to a lack of natural predators, the constant supply of food and their ability to breed year around.

Other pest birds include the house sparrow, the starling and the gull. Gulls are scavengers and feed from scraps of food in town centers as well as sewerage outlets and domestic garbage dumps. Starlings often gather in huge flocks where their droppings ruin structures and monuments. Small but still a nuisance are sparrows, which often clog rain gutters and downspouts, and frequently cause electrical equipment shorts and fires.

To scare birds away without harming them can prove to be quite a challenge. Fortunately, there are a number of pest bird deterrents that are available to humanely discourage birds from landing, roosting and nesting.

For pigeons and large birds, consider the use of the highly effective Bird Spike strip. Harmless to birds, the intimidating spikes simply discourage birds from landing. Some bird spikes are made of stainless steel, others use rigid unbreakable polycarbonate spikes (the poly spikes are less expensive).

For flat even areas, the Bird Spider has proven its worth as an effective pest bird deterrent. The spindly spider arms whip around in the wind to scare birds away. Spiders come in several diameters to deter various bird sizes. Harmless to birds, spiders are easy to maintain and easy to install. Similar to the spider, the motorized whirly-gig utilizes rotating arms to scare birds away. Ideal for parapet walls, roofs, signs, and billboards, some of these products are powered by batteries and others are even powered by solar energy.

Next up are the growing number of balloons and banners of iridescent reflective foil and shiny tape, which create an Optical Distraction Zone. Some of these bird scare products feature lifelike reflective predator eyes. Others have “day-glow” backsides to scare birds away at night. One of the many things that make these bird scare products so appealing is their low cost and easy installation. They’re ideal for use on boat docks, pool areas, overhangs, gazebos, and other troublesome areas.

We know people get irritated whey they walk across a carpet, reach for a doorknob and get shocked. It’s the same with birds. Electric Shock Bird Repellers have been used for years to scare birds away. Ideal for pigeons, seagulls and larger birds, these electrified tracks mildly zap birds that try to land. Easily mounted on ledges, signs, rooftops, and flat or curved surfaces, many electric tracks have a low profile tracks, so they can’t be seen from below.

While screaming at birds or blasting loud horns can scare birds away, there are bird deterrents that use ultrasonic sounds that annoy birds–annoy them enough to discourage them from landing. These audio deterrents imitate distress calls and predator calls. They’re ideal for enclosed areas like parking garages, overhangs and sheds, where pigeons, sparrows, starlings or seagulls sometimes gather in flocks.

Farmers and growers have long used this next category of bird deterrents to scare birds away. Known as Foggers or Misters, these disperse a food-grade, non-lethal aerosol of methyl anthranilate. The chemical has been approved by the EPA and won’t harm birds. It simply irritates birds that fly through it, convincing them to avoid the area. Some misting systems feature multiple remote spray nozzles to allow specific areas to be treated and pinpointed.

Factors That Make Civil Litigation Check Indispensable Aspect Of Business Organizations

It is absolutely true that getting engrossed in a lawsuit can be really very stressful, painful, expensive and a tedious activity irrespective of which side people belong to. Therefore, it is always better for an organization or even individual to avoid such situations, rather than get involved in it and then try to sort out the issue. These days, it has been observed that most of the firms who need to conduct litigation check are business organizations and recruitment agencies. This is because, these type of organizations generally are service providers and because of the nature of their job they need to work in association with many people. Some of whom can be a foul person and can go out of the way to serve his personal interest, which can cause problems for other employee or for the company it self. In this casen what can help companies and individual stay away from such people are civil litigation check services.

Litigation check also known as legal research is the process of throwing light on the past life (including personal and professional) of the person concerned and bringing out the minutest detail which is worth being known in his present times. These details can include issues related to theft, robbery, bankruptcy, dispute over land matters, real estate issues, violation of constitutional rules and many more. With all these, litigation check has proved to be highly beneficial for service providers, as it can provide detailed employee information.

Keeping in consideration all the above mentioned facts, it can be said that all those people who run an organization, recruitment firm or any other type of business, should conduct civil litigation check as a mandatory part of their pre-employment screening. However, it is worth mentioning that checking services offered by a provider which is experienced, has a good track record and can offer authentic services, is what can make the difference. Therefore, make sure that the legal service provider you are hiring is worth being hired for getting legal search services.

Availing these search services from a reputed and reliable source is undoubtedly the most informative way getting valuable information and gathering the necessary pre-employment history of the applicants who is to be hired. Unlike a criminal history check, which only checks for actions in violation of a jurisdictions criminal code, civil litigation check will provide a wide-array of relevant information. For example, this type of legal research services offered by a quality driven legal service provider will involve a wide range of legal actions as torts, workers compensation, employment discrimination, assets related issue, property matters, real estate disputes and contracts, just to name a few.

For more information regarding civil litigation check, please visit:
http://apps.d-law.com/DLawPortal/faces/legal.jsp

Civil Interior Contractors

The Civil contractors play the important role in construction and renovation of a building. These contractors work as a team, while put their best in rendering unique services for residential interiors, commercial interiors, office interiors, renovation and maintenance works and other consultant projects. Their team includes dedicated civil engineers,interior designers and architects,whom they make complete use of advanced methodologies and techniques to, give quality output.

Civil interior contractors in India hold great technical exposure and experience about the modern interior stream. Their designs are unique and trendy, which suits well to the atmosphere. They handle projects on contract basis, thy clients could choose according to their needs.

Delhi, the leading city with high buildings has quality interior designers and affordable contractors. Civil interior contractors in Delhi work on a standard goal to meet customer satisfaction. Their interior themes are unique and classy, which each of the furniture range are modeled to offer best design with efficient remodeling options.

The civil interior firms in and around Delhi are mostly direct owner operated concerns, where the clients could trust for quality and better output. These civil contractors use only high-class modular furniture, as it holds more benefits than the other ordinary range. Some of the affordable contract options available for commercial and consultant projects are

Project based contract: This is a consumer friendly option. The complete details and estimation of the project will be first decided between the civil contractors and the client. The client has to pay the fixed sum and the contractor takes full charge to complete and hand over the project as on fixed period at the estimated cost.

Short-term or Renovation contract: This is most affordable means for clients opting for renovation solutions. The civil interiors analyze, design and fix the best range of modular furniture with remodeling features.

Fixed contract: The contract is paid for the work completed on-site. The other
expenditures will be accepted by the clients. Thecivil interiors help the clients with plan, model and accommodation features.

The civil engineers analyze the complete process with checking strictly on quality, guarantee and affordability in the raw materials.

Career As An Ias Officer

A secured career is the aim of every student these days. The students are always in search of career options, which would help them in building a safe and a bright future. There are a number of career options these days, but to choose the best among them is the most important task. Choosing the career field is the first and the most important step that a student needs to take towards the growth of his career. The selection of the right career opportunity can actually lead a student to a safe and a secure job. The right education in a right institution by the right student is the factors, which constitute towards the development of a prospering nation. The colleges in India are with time adopting the changes, to make the education process more refined and intellectual.

The career choices are always based on the interest of the students, which in a way adds to the hard work instilled by them towards the attainment of their goal. There are many career opportunities in India, which provides a secure and a safe future to the student. Career as an IAS officer, is one career option, which not only provides safety, but also entitles the student with the tag of a government officer. The student gets to work as a part of the Indian government. Also, the perks and other benefits of being a government servant are very huge and lucrative. Though its very tough to clear the entrance examination for being an IAS officer, which is UPSC, but once cleared, the future of the student is set. UPSC is Union Public Service Commission. The exam for UPSC can be given by any student having a graduation degree from one of the recognised universities of the country. Also, the student has to be a citizen of the country and should be of or above the age of 21.

The examination for becoming an IAS officer is called the civil services examination. The students clearing the civil services examination get to work in the civil administrative bodies and the law making associations. The examination for IAS officer, takes around a year to complete. The entrance form and the brochure can be collected from any of the post offices of the country. As there are three stages, which a student has to clear to pass the civil services examination. The three stages are:

Preliminary examinations: This is the first stage if civil services exam. This exam is conducted in the month of May or June, in which two papers are taken named as

oGeneral studies- In this the questions related to the Indian history, general awareness, Indian politics and economics, education culture, social reforms, national movements, developmental programmes, general science, etc can be asked. This test paper is for 150 marks.

oExam on Optional subject- There are a number of optional subjects, out of which a student can choose the subject of his choice. Almost all the subject are included in the optional list, due to which, students generally choose the subject of their graduation, so they have chances to score better. This test is for 300 marks.

The results of the preliminary examinations decides, whether the student can appear for the main exams or not. The results of the preliminary exams come in the month of July or August.

Main examinations: There are total of nine exams under the tag of main exams. The list of which is as following:

oOne Essay type Indian Language Qualifying Paper, 300 marks
oOne English Qualifying Paper, 300 marks
oOne General Essay type paper, 200 marks
oTwo General Studies papers, 300 marks each
oFour Optional subjects papers, 300 marks each

After clearing the main entrance examination, the student is called for an interview, where he is judged over his personality and communication skills. The positions in the IAS or IPS or other divisions of the civil services depend on the score one obtains in his overall test. The better a student scores, brighter are his chances of getting a good job in the IAS or IPS division. It takes years to prepare for the civil services examinations. Most of the students take classes for their preparation. There are many institutes in India, which makes a student prepare for IPS or IAS entrance tests, and which trains them to achieve the required level of knowledge and education to be able to compete in the entrance tests.

Church Etiquette

A church is a place for adoration and carries the highest mark of respect. In worshiping, we go to church and pay Him respect. As we enter the house of God, we should respect His sanctuary the same way we respect our homes.

Most people do not realize that there are actions they do that disrespects the House of God. Thus, they ignore the solemnity of the place. Here are simple manners, which obviously has been forgotten, but nonetheless should be practice whenever entering His house.

Be punctual
Treat it as if you are going to school. Waking up few hours before school starts just to take time to prepare and travel to school is just the same as to going to church or any other meeting, gathering or event. If you are not on time, you will miss the first period and get left behind in the lessons, just like going to church. You would not be able to start the ceremony.

Dress Code

Dress codes depend on religion. For some, they are required to wear certain attire like skirts and blouses, but others have the liberty to choose what to wear provided they are not too showy and it is in accordance to the accepted standards of decency. Church dresses are the best clothing for church visit. However, if you do not own any, you can always wear anything that is suited for the occasion.

Dresses should be modest. No tank tops (or dresses with only straps at the shoulders), no short skirts (mini-skirts), and no skin-tight dresses. Dresses should have backs and should not be low-cut in the front. If women wear pants to services, they should be dress pants (not jeans or leggings). Shorts of any type are inappropriate.

If you are still unsure if you wear decently, Church dresses are cautious and conservative and at the same time, you get into an individual style format while in church.

Etiquette

Often, we forget the rules and principles governing correct or civil behavior in society in general or in a specific social group or situation. At church, for instance, we make actions that are not appropriate. These are some examples of what not to do while inside the church:

Eating inside the church
Leaving before the mass ends
Going in and out
Talking during mass

Information About Civil Services Exam in India

The Civil Services of India known simply as the Civil Services refer to the civil service and the permanent official procedure of the Government of India. The civil service system is the backbone of the administrative machinery of the country.

Civil Services Exam is conducted by the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC) every year. This exam happens in three stages, the prelims, mains and personal interviews. The preliminary stage consists of two papers, Civil Services Aptitude Test (CSAT) and general studies (GS).

Eligibility for Civil Services Entrance Exam:

Nationality

For Indian Administrative Service, a candidate should be a citizen of India. For Indian Foreign Service and other services, a candidate should be one of the following: A citizen of India A Tibetan refugee who came over to India before 01/01/1962 with the intention of permanently settling in India A person of Indian origin who has migrated from other countries with the intention of permanently settling in India (detailed list of countries available on official website)

Age Limit

A candidate must be atleast 21 years of age and less than 30 years of age as on the date mentioned under the UPSC examination notification.

Educational Qualification

A candidate who possesses professional and technical qualification recognised by Government equivalent to the professional and technical degree can also apply.

A candidate who has appeared for the final year of bachelor’s degree and awaiting result, along with candidates who intend to appear at such qualifying examinations can also apply, provided that they submit their proof of qualification along with the application for the Mains exam.

A candidate must be a graduate from a recognized university or a deemed university.

Scheme of CS (Preliminary) Examination

This examination is meant to serve as a screening test only; the marks obtained in this Examination by the candidates who are declared qualified for admission to the Main Examination will not be counted for determining their final order of merit.

The number of candidates to be acknowledged to the Main Examination will be about twelve to thirteen times the total approximate number of vacancies to be filled in the year in the many Services and Posts. Only those candidates who are declared by the Commission to have capable in the Preliminary Examination in the year will be eligible for admission to the Main Examination of that year provided they are otherwise eligible for admission to the Main Examination.

Being the market leaders in aptitude test prep since the last 18 years, Career Launcher provides best coaching for CSAT. Our comprehensive test series for CSAT and GS has also received very positive feedback from the aspirants. For more information visit http://www.Careerlauncher.com

The Craze Of Entering The Civil Service And Pursuing Graduate Studies

For over a decade, the craze of Chinese college graduates taking qualifying examinations to become civil servants has remained unabated. An important proportion of graduates views civil service as their top priority in job selection and they spare no efforts in preparing for those examinations, sometimes years before their graduation . There’s the same as Civil Service. Millions of Chinese college students sit for qualifying examinations for graduate studies, primarily in Masters programs. Students prepare for those examinations either through years of arduous self-education or by spending large sums of money attending local training schools. The publishing of examinations-related study materials and the training programs offered, both online and offline, have combined to form a sizable industry.

Faced with the harsh reality in the employment market, which is forever looking for graduates with higher degrees, many college graduates find going to graduate schools is a good way to avoid unemployment and to enhance ones competitiveness in future job hunting. To some extent, this craze is a modern revival of the ancient notion that those who excel in academics end up in officialdom. In the present-day ,there are complicated reasons underlying this phenomenon. The jobs in sectors other than civil service are insecure and unstable, and employees have to work under greater stress faced with growing competitions in the workplace and the industry. Some government departments are related to monopolized industries and civil servants can enjoy unusually high salaries and welfare benefits. Finally, government officials are usually regarded as occupying the highest rung of the social hierarchy and a student who succeeds in becoming government official is considered the pride of the family, adding prestige and glory to the entire clan.

For all the apparent attractions of the officialdom, the craze of entering the civil service is a distorted one. In the United States, truly ambitious students enter the industry instead of civil departments, where they apply their individual initiative to achieve personal success. It has already been pointed out that, with so many best minds of the nation fighting their way into the civil sectors, the consequences are catastrophic. The civil servants system, with its inherent bureaucracy and rigid rules, would inevitably turn the otherwise energetic and aggressive young people into docile followers of their superiors instructions and dutiful but mediocre implementers of executive orders. This will considerably undermine the vitality of a whole generation and the competitiveness of the entire country in the international arena. All forms of craze are accompanied by elements of irrationality and abnormality and, the sooner this craze vanishes, the better.It is really pathetic to see that students undertake graduate studies with an ulterior motivenot for the sake of loving what they study, but for the sake of merely landing a job, which in many cases might be unrelated to what they have studied.

An alarming fact about this craze is that most students pursue graduate studies not out of their voluntary will. However, without that voluntary initiative, most students who do enter graduate schools are not motivated. For them, the only thing that ultimately counts is the degree or the diploma which they expect could give them an upper hand against other job hunters. As to the actual substance of their graduate studies, its not a big deal for them, as long as it leads to that degree or diploma.The chill truth is that students soon find their anticipations are a mere dream. As so many undergraduates proceed onto graduate studies, the employment situation remains as severe as ever. Instead of bringing about apparent competitive edges, two or three years of additional academic training is simply a waste of time and energy. They need to reflect on this craze and would have been better off distinguishing themselves with outstanding knowledge and skills when they were undergraduates.