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Computer Forensics – Criminal vs Civil What’s the Difference

Computer Forensics – Criminal vs Civil: What’s the Difference?
by Steve Burgess

In the field of computer forensics, as in the field of law, procedures in civil cases differ somewhat from those in criminal cases. The collection of data and presentation of evidence may be held to different standards, the process of data collection and imaging can be quite different, and the consequences of the case may have very different impacts.

A couple of quick definitions may be in order. Criminal law deals with offenses against the state – the prosecution of a person accused of breaking a law. Such offenses may of course include crimes against a person. A government body, or the representative of a government body accuses the person of having committed the offense, and the resources of the state are brought to bear against the accused. Guilty outcomes can result in fines, probation, incarceration, or even death.

Civil law covers everything else, such as violations of contracts and lawsuits between two or more parties. The loser in such a dispute often must give payment, property or services to the prevailing party. Imprisonment is not at issue in civil cases. As a result, the standard for evidence is not as high in civil cases as in criminal cases.

For the law enforcement computer forensics specialist, a certain amount of extra care should be taken in collecting data and producing results, for the standard of proof is higher. There are advantages on the data collection end, however. For once a court has authorized a search warrant, an officer (and possibly several) with badge and gun can go seize the defendant’s computer by surprise and by force. Once the computer has been seized and imaged, all data is accessible and may result in additional charges being brought against the defendant.

By contrast, in a civil case, there tends to be a lot of negotiation over what computers and what data can be inspected, as well as where and when. There is not likely to be any seizing of computers, and quite a long time may take place between the time the request to inspect a computer is made and the time the computer is made available to be inspected. It is common for one party to have access to a very limited area of data from the other party’s computer. During this time, a defendant may take the opportunity to attempt to hide or destroy data. The author has had several cases wherein the computer needed for analysis was destroyed before the plaintiff had the opportunity to inspect. Such attempts at hiding data are often discovered by the digital forensic sleuth, who may in turn present evidence of such further wrongdoing in expert witness testimony. For a light look at one such example, see CSI Computer Forensics – Real Cases From Burgess Forensics #12 – The Case of the Computer That Got Lost.

Opportunities for learning techniques and interacting with other professionals may differ as well. While some computer forensic software suites and training, such as Access FTK, EnCase, or SMART Forensics are available to most who can pay, others, such as iLook are available only to law enforcement and military personnel. While many support and professional organizations and groups are available to all, some, such as the High Technology Crime Investigation Association (HTCIA) are not open to professionals who provide for criminal defense (with a few minor exceptions).

When law enforcement has a case involving computer forensics, the intention is to locate enough data to find the defendant guilty in court, where the standard for information presented tends to be fairly high. From the time digital data or hardware is seized and acquired, Rules of Evidence must be kept in mind. Law enforcement personnel must follow accepted procedures or evidence could be thrown out. Acquisition of data and discovery in criminal cases often must follow sometimes strict and differing procedures depending upon whether the jurisdiction is federal, state, or municipality and at times depending upon a judge’s preferences.

In a civil case, the initial processes of electronic discovery may be just to find enough data to show one or the other party whether they are likely to prevail, should the case go all the way to court. As such, the initial presentation of data may be fairly informal, and be just enough to induce the parties to settle the case. On the other hand, the data found may be so minimal the line of inquiry into electronic evidence is dropped.

Although we use many of the same tools, computer forensic professionals in private practice and those in law enforcement are held to different standards, have access to different resources, and their work results in substantially different outcomes between the criminal and civil cases to which they contribute.

Steve Burgess is a freelance technology writer, a practicing computer forensics specialist as the principal of Burgess Forensics, and a contributor to recently released Scientific Evidence in Civil and Criminal Cases, 5th Edition by Moenssens, et al. Mr. Burgess may be reached at www.burgessforensics.com or via email at

Robes De Mariee

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Scope For Civil Engineers In Outside India

The civil engineering industry outside India is at a stage where the demand and supply is growing at a thriving force and that is due to growing properties, increased real estate value, urban population, and most importantly the innovation in creative design and implementation.Significant structures from the past such as Taj Mahal, the great pyramid of Giza, the golden gate bridge, Stonehenge in Britain, the Roman coliseum, and the Great Wall of China have gifted this world with such wonder inspiring beauty and human excellence pinnacle and they have set the examples by standing as the oldest branches of engineering. The construction industry today has tried to innovate and implement and build better since the last few decades.

Amongst all branches of engineering, the range and application of civil engineering is the broadest and the most visible. In fact, the entire infrastructural framework of a modern nation is the creation of civil engineers. The credit of building mighty power plants, dams, airports, sea ports, highways, inland waterways and industrial plants goes to civil engineers. These professionals are also engaged in building an unending array of urban structures such as commercial complexes, skyscrapers, tunnels, bridges, roads, urban rapid transport systems, sports stadium and so on. Since time immemorial, human beings have been engaged in building all kinds of edifices. From huts made of mud to palaces to monumental examples in building, the civil engineering industry has definitely come a long way. Indian engineers are in high demand in Asia, Africa and the middle-east. Those graduating from reputed engineering institutes of India also manage jobs in developed countries.

The employment opportunities abroad are very appealing but sometimes it also carries a certain amount of risk. For instance, Indian engineers involved in construction work in Afghanistan have been repeatedly targeted by terrorists. So the decision to go abroad should be taken after considering all the possible scenarios and your own priorities in life and career. As civilizations matured, it simultaneously led to the development of bigger, better and diverse structures. And the scope to improve better and being better than the best have given a large amount of hope in countries in Europe, Middle-east, and North America. Asia and Africa too have been seeing some of the most outstanding and brilliant pieces of architecture in this decade, one such example is the Bang Na Expressway.

These civilian structures have played a significant role in the development of human race and gave various dimensions to human life as various activities evolved: social, political, economic and recreational.
In the past few years, the demand for civil engineers has exceeded the supply. The growth in economy and exceeding demand for well qualified and experienced civil engineers has resulted in towering pay levels. Shortage of 7,000 civil engineers is witnessed by India every year. Therefore, no civil engineer can go without a job after his graduation. As a civil engineer, good job opportunities will await at your doorstep. Some of the most attractive designations that most civil engineers sweeping are in coastal and ocean engineering, structural engineering, and earthquake engineering. In the latest developing times with architecture and engineering, environmental engineering is making headlines across many countries and the remuneration is also quite attractive as per many industry experts.

Understanding Your Civil Rights Better

Minneapolis civil rights are designed to provide protection to residents from uncalled for infringement by governments and large private organizations. They also are meant to make everyone participate equally in civil issues that relate to this state. They mainly focus on reducing the level of repression and discrimination among the residents.

In Minneapolis, these rights include the assurance of safety for the people and protecting their physical integrity. They also protect the citizens from discrimination that is based on physical ability as well as mental disability. There are so many other types that fall under this category.

With these well considered, there will be no such thing as discrimination based on one’s gender, skin color, religious beliefs, or even their age. People will definitely have freedom of speech, and expression. There will also be free movement of people around the entire state thanks to the laws that have been put in place.

It therefore should be a gone thing that anyone is restricted from exercising what is rightfully legal to him. This is something that will definitely make people to leave in peace and harmony and so, it should be upheld. Governments are always working hard to improve this.

So as to get the best out of the enforcement of these laws, there is need for everyone to be aware of what they are entitled to. It would be very difficult to try and enforce them when people have no understanding of what they all about. Civic education programs can be used to increase awareness here.

Once everyone understands this, they will become advocates for the upholding of it. They will even go an extra mile to spread the awareness to those that are yet to understand what they are entitled to. Through this, there will be a higher level of respects for the laws.

About The Author:

The Resource Sentinel has been requesting Senate Judiciary Committee investigations concerning lawless corruption and increasing problems of American citizens being deprived of their rights by agencies of the United States Government. Minneapolis civil rights are designed to provide protection to residents from uncalled for infringement by governments and large private organizations. (http://www.theresourcesentinel.com)

Good Job Offers Galore From Bel, Bhel And Dsssb Recruitment 2013 For The Most Eligible

You will be given good earning opportunity. Delhi Subordinate Services Selection Board is an authorized job recruitment cell to select competent candidates for various posts in different government offices located in Delhi.

DSSSB Recruitment Opportunity:

DSSSB recruitment 2013 is going to be tougher this year with more and more numbers of candidates are eyeing on a government opportunity as handled by the DSSSB (Delhi Subordinate Service Selection Board). Here, you can have a real opportunity for technical experts, as well. Major vacancies published recently have been designed for Engineers (both Junior and Senior levels). At different levels, Mechanical/ Civil Engineers are gaining a good demand through DSSSB. Employees will get fantastic working milieu for doing their regular jobs. It is a massive recruitment drive to fill up the posts which lie vacant for a year.
DSSSB recruitment program is designed and performed by a team of experts, to select the best among the aspiring mass. Candidates will have to collect application forms for fill-up. Within the stipulated period, and they should submit these job applications. Due to the advent of online service, candidates can log at the official website of the DSSSB to complete online registration. They must go through the terms and conditions before submission of their candidature. Talented professionals both from technical and non-tech cadres in various streams will be shortlisted through a screening test. Therefore, if you find yourself as suitable to any post announced by the DSSSB, you should try hard to utilize this golden chance.

BHEL Recruitment 2013

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited or BHEL is a renowned government undertaking company which has already bagged prestigious Shram Awards for providing high quality services to build up the country. This company has launched several drives for BHEL Recruitment 2013 to handpick qualified professionals for its highly versatile work environment. To work in BHEL is an excellent experience, of course! Your financial career is protected, as the companys salary packages are marvelous and are considered the best in the industry. Candidates will be given different types of allowances like travel, medical and housing inclusive of remuneration plus incentives in the event of the good performance.

Candidates must have certain minimum qualification which is required for these sorts of jobs which will help to attain their goals and dreams of their lives. The selection procedure is much fairer. There is very little scope for anomaly in the recruitment drive.
BEL Recruitment Process:

Bharat Electrics Limited or BEL is famous for its superb infrastructure, excellent working ambience and attractive salary packages. You will have to check the exact and precise notification in relation to BEL Recruitment 2013, so that you can apply for your preferred job scale. If you have the passion to serve in a promising government undertaking company, you should encourage your mind to apply for the specified posts under the purview of BEL.

The scope for getting lucrative jobs is coming from various government aided firms and commercial organizations. You will have to be eligible to pass the examinations for getting your favorite job in these companies. There are many coaching centers, online tutorial institutes and live consultancy centers to help candidates for preparing themselves systematically to convince the managements of these reputed companies by showcasing their talent.

The Best Time to Get a Philadelphia Civil Rights Attorney

If you are a fan of legal dramas just like The Practice and Law & Order, at some point you almost certainly could have heard them discussing about discrimination. There’d have been suspects who have been interrogated that cried out that their civil rights were violated.

Americans are protected by certain rights under the federal constitution and special rights under the Philadelphia law. If you sense that your civil rights are being violated you might want to consult a Philadelphia civil rights attorney.

What are civil rights?

A civil rights attorney in Philadelphia will inform you that civil rights are individual independence or liberty warranted by the Constitution in spite of a person??Ts historical past (i.e. sex, race, religion and age). It does not matter if you are of Italian, Cuban or Chinese descent as long as you are an United States citizen you will be protected by the civil right law. The philosophy behind basic civil rights is always that people really should not be reprimanded or punished for features they’d no control over since it is something these folks were born into. A Philadelphia civil rights attorney would point out that basic civil rights includes freedom of speech, the right to vote, right to carry arms, rights to due process, right to assemble freely and the legal right to privacy from unnecessary government invasion.

When should you get a Philadelphia civil rights attorney?

If you have been the victim of discrimination you will need a Philadelphia civil rights lawyer to battle for your rights. As an example, if you were fired from work because you are a woman, or perhaps you were not promoted irrespective of excellent performance because of your gender or race, your Philadelphia civil rights attorney will assist you to fight for this injustice.

Should you or maybe an a family member are actually a victim of the hate crime make contact with a Philadelphia civil rights attorney to file civil and criminal charges up against the individuals who have violated your personal liberties. A hate crime is a ??obias-motivated??? often violent crime. A good example of this could be intimidation or harassing a person for being Asian, Black, or homosexual.

At times, if aperson is arrested overzealous law enforcement officers can overstep some boundaries. If you believe you are a victim of police intimidation or illegal search and seizure by the authorities talk to a civil rights attorney in Philadelphia to make sure that you are protected. Such activities, may result in the filing of criminal charges against you so it’s advisable to consult an expert. This can also help ensure that your complaint about the police or any government employee aren’t going to be swept underneath the rug.

Winning a civil rights case isn’t easy because on most occasions there exists a lack of physical evidence. For example, it is tough to claim that a person discriminated at the office unless the boss is doing it repeatedly. The boss can always point out that the other individual was promoted because his skills are more suited for the task and never because of gender. Thus, selecting the right civil rights attorney is vital. Your Philadelphia civil rights attorney will ensure that your rights are safe and will enable you to determine what evidence is required to enhance your case.

If you feel that your civil rights have been violated call a Philadelphia civil rights attorney. Ginsburg Law has the best Philadelphia civil rights lawyer for your case. Pick the right civil rights attorney in Philadelphia by visiting http://nursinghomenegligencemalpracticeaccidentsabusephiladelphiapa.com/civil-rights-attorney/

Oakland Estate Litigation A True Interpretation Of A Will

There is no formula for estate planning. Every individual’s circumstances and wealth distribution goals are different. Everyone has the right to do as he pleases as long as it is within the judicial framework. Undue influence, elder abuse, fraud, menace etc. on someone else’s will doesn’t come under this framework. A will represents a person’s desire or decisions about his estate and other property of economic or emotional value to be distributed or given away to various parties which may involve family, friends, charitable organizations, and so on.

A probate or an estate litigation arises when any potential beneficiaries or family member question the validity of a deceased person’s will or testament or an amendment to the testament also known as a codicil. It is rarely easy to sort out the distribution of estate and other valuable property when families start battling it out for themselves. Hence an Oakland estate litigation attorney with fairly large experience is needed. Although mediation is always the most preferred route, with big numbers of contesting parties and property value, litigation becomes inevitable. Moreover the trust and estate litigation law requires specialized dealing since it is a combination of probate law and civil law.

Similarly, a particularly foul case is that involving breach of fiduciary duty. Plenty of times, mentally handicapped people or children are allotted a trust by their guardians or parents with an appointed trustee. When this trustee shows failure to protect the trust funds, their unlawful use for his own benefit or displays any kind dishonesty with regards to the funds, it is known as breach of fiduciary duty. This is the time to bring on an Oakland trust litigation lawyer.

It should be noted that there are deadlines beyond which the validity of a will cannot be challenged which is why having a good attorney all along helps. Disputes usually arise out of the complexities of family dynamics and legal proceedings. They can be over the construction or validity of an estate planning document or mere discontent with the decedent’s estate plan or at times the disinheritance of an heir. Yet intertwined situations such as second marriage scenarios in which a decedent’s children are in conflict with a stepparent or allegations of fraud, coercion, or undue influence definitely turn into Oakland estate litigation.

With trusts, disputes can be related to contested conservatorship proceedings or disputes over accounting in conservatorship proceedings. There may be disagreements between beneficiaries of a trust or estate and a fiduciary or over who should act as fiduciary other than the usual concerns over potential conflicts of interest.

Oakland trust litigation would involve tremendous efforts on part of the attorney and plaintiffs regarding obtaining information and investigation into undue influences and elderly abuse possibilities. Plus, it is important to gather all evidence and shut down the defendant’s escape routes of declaring bankruptcy, equity drain, etc. Once a strong case is built the defendant has to be offered the downside as a part of pressurizing to get him to confess or give in.

A good attorney understands that it is important that the real interpretation and purpose of a will or trust is recognized and applied.

Cleaning Tenders -what Are The Basic Tender Proposal Requirements!

In government sector and private multi national companies, if anything or any work has to be done whether related to buying of any product on large scale or construction or renovation or cleaning, tenders are passed generally either online or via newspaper. Thus when we talk about cleaning tenders, then these types of tender requests comes generally from schools, hospitals or the companies. While making a cleaning tender proposal, the necessary requirements are clearly mentioned as they know what is required to them. When the tender proposal is accepted and if a deal is cracked by any company, then the tender winning company must have to provide the right level of service otherwise the contract may be terminated in between and another service provider can be called. This is all about todays competitive and commercial world.

Once a cleaning tenders proposal with all the necessary requirements mentioned is advertised in the market, then the companies which wants to crack the deal prepares their quotation keeping in view the requirements mentioned in the proposal. Once the deal is cracked by any company, they need to adhere all the strict rules and they have to fulfill all the requirements otherwise because of the under-performance or even small negligence, the contract may get terminated in between and again a fresh cleaning tender proposal is given and further a new company is selected for the work.

The process of working of cleaning tender in private sector and government sector differs in many ways. In government sector, bureaucrats have major role to play in decision making. They handle every aspect related to cleaning tender such as the tender requirements, investigation of the companies participating and also overseeing the contracts. Documentation in government tenders is done properly and is reached from one level to another prospective level. However, a lot of time and money is being wasted in such a procedure where as the same money can be used in hiring more workers for completing the job.

There are different levels in government sector. If one of the departments looks upon the decision of making and assigning the contracts then another department looks after the complaints of cleaning and thus investigates the same. However, as everyone is aware that in government sector the complaints lodged once, are not handled with care and thus end up by filling forms and again with the wastage a good amount of money, which goes into the pockets of bureaucrats.

To resolve this issue, the right to choose the correct cleaning provider should be given to smaller unit of the respective organization whether its a school or a hospital. The reason is very simple as the smaller units are well aware of the situation and they know where and how the money should be spent to get the proper cleaning service. Thus enhancing the cleaning services and this also saves millions of money by preventing them from going into the hands of either civil servants or big MNC companies which get the contracts of cleaning tenders. Thus everyone should focus on getting the best services by spending enough amount of money which is required.

Attesting Meaningful Use Risk Analysis

Professionals and Hospitals that are eligible for meaningful use risk analysis objective is protecting electronic health information developed and maintained by a certified EHR by the implementingnecessary technical capabilities. Limitations are nil to this objective for both professionalsand hospitals. For attesting to this objective certain questions are to be answered.If you answeras it mean that you say, you have organised a Meaningful use Risk Analysis. Unique measures for the objective is conducting or making a review of security risk analysis accordingly by the requirements under 45 CFR 164.308(a)(1), also implementing updates of security as per requirement and make correction in identifying deficiencies of security as this is one of the part of risk process management.

National Standards by HIPAA: HIPAA Privacy Rule has set up national standards for protecting medical records and personal health information of the people. This Rule needs -suitable safeguards- for the protection of personal health information (PHI) privacy alongside by disclosing ways of this information that can be made by the individual’s authorization. HIPAA Security Rule is within the rule of privacy. This initiates national standards to protect people’s personal health information electronically when acquiredby entity which is covered. This needs -suitable administrative, safeguards that are technical and physical to protect the integration & security of electronic health information. Office for Civil Rights (OCR) has distributed guidance on HIPAA Security Ruleprovisions, among one is theneeds of Security risk analysis meaningful use.

Review Security Risk Analysis: For successful attestation to risk analysis, you should organise or need to review a security risk analysis of your EHR that is certified and updatesimplementation as per the necessity once a while howeverbefore the reporting time that is given. A review is to be taken surely before the following report period. In the process of risk analysis updates of security are needed, if there are deficiencies found by identification.

Appropriate Technical Capabilities: After the completion of objective necessity and attaching this to the meaningful use, it is meant as -Appropriate Technical Capabilities- by CMS.It is also termed high capable technically and appropriate, if this protects the electronic health information organisedand maintained by the certified EHR technology. These all capabilities canalso be part of the certified EHR technology and programs which supports certified EHR technology security.

Summary: Conducting security risk is necessary for successfully attesting meaningful risk analysis.

Local News about Civil Services Exam

Time and resource management are critical about civil services. Though equipment, supplies, and facilities may be necessary, they are insufficient without human resources who have the knowledge to use them effectively. Obviously, a hospital is just another building without doctors, nurses, and technicians. Of course, some services are technology-based. Only a tiny percentage of telephone calls are operator-assisted nowadays, for instance. Nevertheless, installation, repair, and customer service are labor-intensive. So even in highly automated services enterprises, resource management can still be a vital function.

In Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services (PSTS), getting skilled resources when and where they are needed can be a constraint. Clients often want service to start as soon as a contract is signed-if not sooner. If the service produces deliverables, clients generally want them as soon as possible. And they often want resources with specific skills dedicated to their contract. Hence, if the right resources aren’t available, it may be impossible to close the sale. And if key resources are lost after the sale, it may be difficult to deliver the service and impossible to achieve client satisfaction. In virtually all services enterprises, resources are thus key elements in the supply chain. Moreover, when one enterprise provides resources to other enterprises, as in subcontracting relationships, those resources are key elements in its delivery network, too.

Note that these resource supply and delivery networks are not the same as service chains. In a service chain, a series of services enterprises each perform their own service without distributing the resources that perform those services. For a single consumer transaction, separate enterprises might do the advertising, prospecting, sales, credit, rebate, transportation, installation, collection, warranty, repair, and recycling. So the central challenge in a service chain is to coordinate the services, not necessarily acquire resources. That challenge is addressed in later chapters. As seen in the preceding chapter, Replenishment is the traditional TOC application for distribution and supply chains. It was invented for situations where time to resupply is longer than customers will wait for their orders, and reliable forecasting is impossible. Both conditions hold good about civil services exam.

These alternatives are not always mutually exclusive. Some enterprises use a forecast for annual planning, which establishes a budget, and then leave it to individual leaders to hire within that budget. Unfortunately, leaders are sometimes tempted to hire as much as the budget allows, regardless of whether actual market conditions turn out as forecast. Hire-to-deal can be highly responsive to conditions in both the services market and the job market. But its effectiveness rests heavily on the ability of individual leaders to sense where the markets are headed and implement capacity changes accordingly. Therefore, scrambling to fill open positions or shed excess resources is not uncommon, and compromising on the fit between candidates and positions does occur. Moreover, one practice or department may be short on certain skills at the same time another has excess, so individual leaders within the same enterprise may be making opposing resource decisions without knowing it.

Supply-demand matching includes various methods to allocate available supply to prioritized demand or steer demand where capacity is available. Methods include workforce scheduling, complementary services, self-service, cross-training, and price incentives