In mid-November, during the preliminary phase of developing the Dalke property in Prescott, Arizona into a another housing subdivision, bulldozers scraping away the scrub oak and manzanita uncovered a significant archaeological find – what one witness called “an entire village,” replete with human remains. While hikers and explorers have been finding archaeological artifacts on the property for more than a century, this major discovery, combined with an anonymous offer of $2.5 million, sparked new hope that the Dalke might yet become a public park.
Heavy equipment pauses on a new road cut close to the Dalke petroglyph rocksThe discovery coincides with another unfolding drama that, for a few days, seemed to mean the salvation of the property as open space when an anonymous donor came forward with an offer of $2.5 million for the land. The bulldozers stopped. The developer, John Finn, seemed agreeable, even relieved. The Trust for Public Lands got involved.
The discovery coincides with another unfolding drama that, for a few days, seemed to mean the salvation of the property as open space when an anonymous donor came forward with an offer of $2.5 million for the land. The bulldozers stopped. The developer, John Finn, seemed agreeable, even relieved. The Trust for Public Lands got involved. Even the previously intractable Open Space Acquisition Committee perked up, and it seemed like everything would fall into place to officially designate the property as a park.
There were a few annoying details of course, like the fact that whoever purchased the property would have to foot 20 percent of the bill for the East West Connector road, and the fact that the developer wanted to include in the price of the property the ‘improvements’ wrought by the bulldozers. Still, it seemed possible.
But, according to two knowledgeable independent sources, the Dalke, once priced on par with that patch of impassable scrub at the base of Thumb Butte that the city bought a few years ago, would now sell for no less than $10 million – about one quarter of Prescott’s total 15-year open space budget.
And so it was “no deal.” But when the bulldozers roared back to life, they uncovered ancient ruins and added fire to the widespread struggle to save the Dalke.
“It’s no longer petroglyphs and potsherds,” the anonymous donor said. “It’s circular stone rooms and human remains.”
Archaeologist Tom Motsinger, who’s responsible for the development’s archaeological compliance, said that it’s pretty hard to develop property in Prescott without encountering burial sites, and that the City is actually doing an uncommonly good job managing the Dalke’s “cultural resources” (archaeological sites). But while the Dalke may have a wealth of cultural resources in common with Prescott Lakes and Daybreak at Bensch Ranch, even Motsinger agrees it’s a very special piece of property.
“I would have loved to see the land picked up and purchased as open space like a lot of people would have,” he said.
What’s happening instead, Motsinger said, is a second-best scenario that protects the archeology and designates the area around the petroglyphs as public land. “They’re probably the most outstanding petroglyphs within the city limits, so it’ll be very nice to get them passed out of private hands and into public ownership,” he said.
And that’s what the developer had apparently always intended. “This is truly an opportunity to incorporate the past [with] the present and make the best of both,” said Finn’s surveyor, civil engineer Mike Haywood, in an April, 2005 site analysis.
Meredith Marder’s attorney, Gil Shaw, wasn’t so encouraged, and he echoed the calls of a few residents this week for the City’s use of eminent domain to protect the Dalke’s archaeological resources. The archeology was, after all, Marder’s rallying cry last year when she submitted a petition with 500 signatures along with a letter that read, in part:
“Many feel that the Dalke Property should be preserved as Open Space based on its archaeological merit.”
Eminent domain is a touchy subject in Arizona, and in Prescott particularly.
“I can’t see eminent domaining for open space,” Prescott City Councilman Bob Luzius said, “not with the things that have gone on before” – a reference to the Council’s controversial use of eminent domain for the Walmart on Gale Gardner Drive.
But the councilman who, in part, won his 2005 campaign on a platform to protect open space, ended his comments on what save-the-Dalke proponents could take as a more hopeful note. “If it’s for the good of the people, I could see eminent domain,” he said. “I hope we can find a way to save that site.”
But the bulldozers continue to crush and scrape around archaeologists excavating the site while hopefuls continue to talk and plan; Shaw says that the hotly contested development should cool its heels while Motsinger and his staff excavate the Dalke.
“I think they have the responsibility to stop the development on this property until people can take a collective deep breath and decide what to do,” he said.
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Civil Service Practice Test – How To Best Pass Your Exam
Elizabeth had made some poor choices in the past. She dropped out of high school her senior year and took the GED exam so that she could work full-time and make more money. She thought that an education was pretty much worthless. Why waste time in school when you can make money?
Then Elizabeth got laid off from her clerical job. She had little money saved up. She ran across an open position at the county government offices that would be perfect for her. She was excited!
Elizabeth applied for the job but still needed to take the Civil Service Exam. She knew that she needed a plan in place to study for the test. She couldnt afford to not get this job!
Elizabeth searched the Internet for a study guide. She really wanted a Civil Service Practice Test. She thought the best way to study would be to practice with a test that would be similar to the one she would be taking. Elizabeth was not going to make any more bad decisions.
Elizabeth also talked to a friend of hers that had taken the same exam. She told Elizabeth about a Civil Service Practice Test that she used. It had really helped her. Elizabeth immediately bought the study guide and started studying right away.
On exam day, Elizabeth felt excited and ready. She had practiced and studied and was ready to get on with the next stage in her life. She thought she did very well on the exam. When she got her score, she was thrilled to find out that she had passed with such a high score.
A Civil Service Practice Test and Study Guide will help you to get ready for your exam. There is no better way to study than to take a practice exam so that you know what to expect on exam day. You should also spend your time studying the content that will be on the exam.
Understanding the format of the questions is also important. Some questions may be nothing like what youve seen before. By knowing how the questions will be formatted, you have given yourself an advantage over those that take the test without practicing.
You should also spend your time familiarizing yourself with some tips and tricks for your exam. Knowing what to look out for and some strategies for answering questions is very valuable. This will also give you an advantage over your competition.
Elizabeth ended up getting the job. She was so thankful that she had used a Civil Service Practice Test in order to study and get that high score that she needed. Elizabeth loved her new job and was so glad she hadnt made a poor decision this time.
Civil Ceremonies Overcoming the Most Common Relationship Hurdles
A lot of problems may get in the way of a supposedly smooth-flowing relationship that may halt it from stepping up to a higher level. Of course, it would just be typical to expect that conflicts can easily arise unexpectedly but there are certain complications that are too severe to the point of rifting a relationship apart and totally turn away from the thought of getting married. However at this point in time, when a lot of people have already opened their minds to great ideas and possibilities, a civil marriage celebrant may just be the key to save the impending relationship failure. .
Here are some of the most common problems that may prevent the union of two people but can be resolved with the help of a civil marriage officiant:
Religious Differences
This is a common scenario when a promising relationship has to be stopped because of the objections coming from both parties because of religious considerations. A traditional church wedding will surely make way for certain conflicts but now that there is the option to marry in the form of interfaith ceremonies, you can both perform the religious rituals that you both consider important without resulting to objections.
Same Sex Marriage
Civil wedding ceremonies will allow you to stay in charge and absolutely make your creativity work for a successful wedding and a wedding celebrant can assist in organizing same sex marriage. The society has become more open to the idea that relationships are no longer limited among people belonging to the opposite sex and couples who want to express their commitment to their partners will surely value the idea of civil marriage.
There are problems that may prevent couples from stepping up to the next level of their relationship, but now that civil ceremonies have increased in popularity, there is no doubt overcoming the most common relationship hurdles will be dealt with the best way.
Books Man’s Best Friend
In today’s world books provides a better Books are collection of written or printed materials on blank sheets which are mainly made of paper or other materials usually fastened together. Books contain pages and electronic books are called e-books. Magazines, journals, novels and many other are also included in books.
In ancient times written works were done on stones, clays, metal sheets etc and then after many years paper came into existence but at that time written work was done by writing with hands with different types of inks. But now books are available in different size, shape and length and depending upon the subject on which they are written fiction or nonfiction.
Fiction books are untrue that is mostly they are not realistic in nature; they are for the entertainment of the readers. Novels are also included in fictions which are having stories consisting of characters, themes and enjoyable stories.
Nonfiction includes reference books which are having information related to some topic essay, commentary or having views on different topics. They are available in many volumes with many topics and data. These books are available in book stores or in many libraries which are identified and classified by ISBD.
People buy books according to their needs and requirements. Students will buy books which are prescribed in their syllabus, common people will buy books for which they have interest, small children reads story books and so on. Our reading habits and interests depend on our profession, qualification, age, and time available.
Students have to read the books which are prescribed in their syllabus and which they understand easily like Irrigation Engineering Written by Gurcharan Singh. This book is only prescribed to students of Irrigation Engineering not to anyone else however it depends on a person’s interest to read any book and the time available to him after his work.
Engineering books are included in nonfiction section. These books are related to engineering streams and written by many authors of India as well as by foreign authors depending on the requirement. Irrigation Engineering Written by Gurcharan Singh is a book written by Indian author. Engineering have many streams like civil engineering, mechanical engineering, aeronautical engineering, chemical engineering etc. and depending on the interest of students they choose their stream.
Mariee.fr, Le Site Mariage, Robe Marie 2013, Coiffure Mariage, Spending Budget Mariage, Dco
Vous avez choisi de vous marier par une belle journe de printemps , alors profitez du soleil ! En ce furthermore beau jour de votre vie, choisissez de porter une gown bretelles, parfaite pour loccasion?! Les robes bretelles larges peuvent se dcliner en draps lgants , avec une tra?ne fixe lpaule comme ornement. Les modles seront gnralement con?us en une seule pice, avec des corsages bustiers prolongs par une jupe vase ou volants, plis ou en corolles. Furthermore adapte aux tailles fines, les modles prs du corps ne tolrent aucun bourrelet disgracieux?!
Alors jai envie de dire que le combat est lengthy et que si la sant est bonne et que lon est bien dans ses chaussures pourquoi se compliquer la vie ? Moi jai assum jusqu un particular stage et poids ! Aprs cela devenait trop dur pour moi dabord, ma fille et mon mari. Ensuite je leurs explique aussi que lorsquune marie ronde se marie, il ne faut pas se leurrer, Ils vont tous nous attendre au tournant, donc nous dtre, belle, hot, glamour mais sans trop en faire. Une robe de marie sur mesure bien faite doit comporter des coques au niveau des seins et un soutien-gorge intgr.
La robe de marie au buste ajust et la jupe large, vase ou bouffante sont le duo gagnant pour une femme mince qui rve d’une robe dite ” princesse “. La robe de marie courte et vase, elle sera un brin impertinente et trs jeune. choisir si vous avez une silhouette plut?t wonderful et un fashion peu classique. Princesse vous serez, Sissi moderne enveloppe dans une longue gown dont le classicisme impose de demeurer dans une nuance de blanc, de l’ivoire au coquille d?uf. Il ne vous restera plus qu’ dvoiler le rose du bonheur qui vous monte aux joues par la grace d’un voile.
Photographe mariage , cest crer ces belles pictures qui resteront des souvenirs imprissables pour le pair et, pour le cas des prparatifs de la marie, permettront au mari curieux de dcouvrir remark ces prparatifs de marie se sont drouls. De quoi avoir encore beaucoup de choses se raconter entre maris concernant cette folle journe de mariage ! LunaCat Studio Photographie couvre la photographie de mariage dans la suisse romande en canton de Vaud avec Lausanne mais aussi Genve, Montreux, Vevey, Neuchatel, les autres cantons voisins et le reste du monde (destination marriage). Contactez-moi pour plus d’informations.
Chez Le Boudoir de la Marie , boutique de dp?t-vente du Vaucluse, bien loin de mes Vosges, les pictures sont trs explicites, ce qui est le cas de peu de internet sites, malheureusement. Une gown me plait, je vois quil y a possibilit de la commander length (ce nest pas le cas de tous non additionally), et de la renvoyer sous 7 jours si besoin. Je me lance donc et la commande. Heureusement que tous les prparatifs de notre mariage ne nous prennent pas autant dnergie et de temps, automobile il nous faudrait une anne de in addition !
Diploma in Civil Engineering
One of the oldest and most important engineering disciplines in the world is civil engineering. Many buildings and structures have evoked our amazement, right from the pyramids of Egypt to the TajMahal in India and all these bear testament to the rich legacy of civil engineering. Civil engineering can be defined as a specialized branch of engineering that deals with the design, construction and maintenance of bridges, buildings, dams and other structures. Human civilization cannot exist without major contributions from this branch of engineering and it is thus an indispensable discipline. Civil Engineers are usually employed in construction activities in both the private and public sectors. They can also become a research fellow or a lecturer in universities. Further opportunities for these technical guys include being a surveyor, a technical report writer or even a project manager. Thus the possibilities and avenues for growth are endless. These specialized technical personnel have to have an eye for detail and an inherent ability to improvise. The engineers involve themselves in feasibility and technical studies and conduct detailed investigations in the initial stages itself to avoid costly lapses in the later stages. The design and architectural aspects of the building are also studied in detail to ensure that the project complies with existing regulatory guidelines Equipment quality and reliability is another important aspect for which these engineers are responsible for and they have to ensure that near misses and accidents do not happen in the construction site. A good knowledge of finance is required to ensure that the project is completed within budget in a timely and efficient manner. Thus a civil engineer needs to be an all rounder. They have a very challenging work environment and are one of the best paid professionals in the world. Job satisfaction is also high since the spirit of “I helped build that” runs through the blood of every civil engineer. The polytechnic helps to lay a strong foundation to ensure that the diploma graduates are ready for higher study in civil engineering In case the graduates want to enter the industry; the polytechnic ensures that it equips them with the necessary skills to make them industry ready. The civil engineering department has excellent and experienced teachers with a skilled support staff. The department has modern and well equipped labs and also undertakes consultancy work for the industry. The department also arranges for lectures on various topics by industry leaders to broaden the perspective of the students and inspire them to think creatively. The students are also taken on industry site visits as a part of their curriculum like the Ferro Cement Research Centre in Pondicherry, Structural Research Centre in Chennai etc. This is to encourage the students to think innovatively during their project period and also to establish some interaction with the industry leaders. For more information click here
The Rfidanother New Threat To Civil Liberties
The ongoing miniaturization of microelectronic chips led to a multiplication of their abilities and their use. This is the case with the systems of radio frequency identification (RFID), now widely available and nanotechnology will continue to grow, while their costs. Sources of productivity in industry and comfort in everyday life, however, these tools are synonymous with means of monitoring and control of man, especially when combined Acer Aspire One Battery with the identification of other biometric data.
Alain Weber, a lawyer and member of the Data Protection Commission of the League of Human Rights in April 2006, the threat that development of such technology raises our freedoms. We take the original text published on the website
The experience in your field, you feel the convergence of technologies creates a risk of violation of civil rights and privacy?
The Human Rights League (LDH) HP Pavilion G60 has worked on these issues from the Data Protection Act, 1978 files and freedoms. His commission “Freedom and computing ‘is happening today with many associations and organizations, when he stand up for civil liberties and human rights will be protected. We believe a priori negative against new technologies, we, on the contrary, it can be very useful in some areas, for example with the possibilities of surgical tools remote communication on the Internet, etc..
However, we believe there is a real acceleration of threats to human rights on one side by a combination of techniques that the network of information about people, others can be a benefit socio-political and legal name of the fight against support for terrorism, the tendency to the formation of mega-files containing personal data. Our role is to alert the public, especially when the use of technology, no matter what the benefits it provides, creates disorder in civil liberties or an invasion of privacy. Comfort and joy, giving a new technology is always a price, which can be reduced freedoms.
In addition, we will experience a severe safe atmosphere: in this context, the law on the fight against terrorism [2] provides a way to film the events, so that the collection of personal data to fuel litigation . In this case, the use of digital video technologies, perfectly legal, civil liberties Dell Inspiron 1545 and privacy of the individual as people are killed and files are created with their images without their knowledge if they demonstrate the right fundamental movement and to be together to undermine a news show.
The Law on Data Protection News 6 August 2004 [3] allows such practices? And what is with the European Convention on Human Rights?
The law of August 2004 does not satisfy us, because the level of rights protection, which reduces previously existed. The European Directive 95/46/EC of 24 October 1995 [4] – in which this law is the implementation of the French law – states that the Member States of the Union should not lower the level of protection of its laws . Or next to the text, the powers of the National Commission for Informatics and Liberties (CNIL) was a licensing system for biometric tools used in a private company can be strengthened. But again, they dropped their powers in relation to projects of the state: a decree, a new processing of personal data should not be a favorable opinion of the CNIL, but only a reasoned opinion, a department may impose biometrics in their own departments.
What is the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, it has established good, but the rights to limit that to register for a sustainable democratic society. The rights and freedoms may therefore have certain limitations. I would add that the Treaty of the European Union has a particular reading of “freedoms” that are not civil liberties that have a priority, but economic freedom and free enterprise.
In the state of the texts, sometimes just a hello to the Constitutional Court. In December 1998, the Constitutional Council, the position of the LDH by the transfer of further personal data between public authorities, namely the relationship between tax and social data (social security number), that the only purpose for avoid confusion, not to cross into separate files and extracting data for other purposes [5].
What is your position on the use of radio frequency identification (RFID)?
At this point, the LDH position “hard” is when your finger in the use of biometric data, that is, techniques to identify people on biological criteria, we are entering a logical problem. First, for ethical reasons, because man is in his lower body biometrics to human dignity. Second, because this technology is clearly a problem of “tracing” of people: RFID chips are used in the identification, detailed monitoring of the activities and operations carried out by one person, even if it is not include the administration, why the departure course. It is simply a risk of drift.
It’s like a wall against the big waves of the Pacific, as companies SONY VGP-BPS8 want to identify the instruments and control of employees, some people claim the time in airports and toll roads to save! What they do not see is that these biometrics help more than others, to create connections between data. This is less the fact that the file information that is contained frightening one. Sustainable and help to clarify the identification of the person to create secure connections between files, with subsequent use to which they have no control It’s not a “Big Brother” that awaits us , but “Big Brothers “.
You can say that everyone has hundreds of times the only game of its normal daily activities. Of course, the real battle is ahead, to avoid the relationship between these files and data. It is in this context that the LDH fighting within the group DELIS (Rights and Freedoms deal with the computerization of society), the electronic identity card provided, INES (National Identity secure electronic). The bill, which will be adopted in June, aims to, mandatory – either directly or, more subtly, so it is essential – should contain a card with a microchip, readable contactless radio frequency, personal identifiers ( fingerprints and digital photography).
The problem is that the state will be good for us all is a biometric identifier, monitoring and reconciliation of all our electronic transactions (banking, tax returns, insurance, entertainment book, etc.) .. Under the pretext of facilitating the daily life, we run the risk of serious and irreversible damage to privacy and individual liberties.
The argument that it is not also tell you if you have nothing to be ashamed of if you want more security, you can opt for no reason this kind of labeling?
With this language, we have created a society of suspects: it must prove not the accusers to prove the guilt of a person is not guilty! It must be very careful in reverse order, because it characterizes a kind of policeman of the company. In addition, the speech because fishing is the question, where is the limit: since you good citizens who have nothing to hide, the police should be able to go home, you can see how you live that listening to you host your bank account that you say look for taxes, etc.. If we test (for fun of course) should be regarded with people, how much they are willing to be transparent, “which have nothing to hide”, you quickly realize that their determination is any substance, but show soon. Freedom requires that everyone has a huge SONY VGP-BPS9/B sphere of secrecy and confidentiality: and what it is.
As for the argument of security, it does not take long for Dell Inspiron 600M Series analysis. For example, when airlines were the Bush administration after September 11th compelled to disclose personal information on passengers (PNR records for personal names), the land will continue across the Atlantic, the European Commission given the green light – the decision of the European Parliament fought for this question. But the French government still does not know what is the relationship of the United States of PNR data. In short, sending personal information, you will quickly lose control. In addition, the hope in the fight against terrorism has nothing to widespread surveillance of the population.
We are told that the Dell Inspiron 8000 techniques that INES be tight, is so protective of individual liberties. But recent history shows that a computer is made to be retained unbridled: Every time we installed a system of collection of personal data has already taken place. For example, ICT (Treatment of violations of the system) now lists all types of crimes and are available by people who are constantly on those that were originally defined just add: we abuse this system leads to victims of employment or housing saw prevented. The same trend is on the list of DNA (FNAEG, national automated genetic fingerprint) that originally reserved for sex offenders, and that the law Perben 2 of 9 March 2004 extended the most common offenders are visible. He is known as “light” version of INES to fear, we are moving gradually to the police much more on technological progress without the active support no doubt in a safe atmosphere is heavy and cumbersome. So we need against the strongest in the INES, for our freedom and the ability of future generations.
Construction Manager Is The Main Backbone Behind Construction Project Management
CPM can be defined as an overall coordinating and planning of any project, from the beginning level to completion. This segment will also control the project completion with the main aim to focus on the requirement of the clients so that a functional and financially stable project can be delivers, at the end. Moreover, the construction industry comprises of 5 sectors, like commercial, industrial, residential, heavy civil and also environmental. The main backbone of this company is the construction manager, who looks after the responsibilities and help in completing the same procedures, under one sector.
With proper knowledge on a construction site, it can be possible to change the designation of the construction manager, from one site to another. Some of the notable information consists of knowledge on materials, equipment, locations and most importantly, subcontractors. In the year 2010, a new definition on Construction Project Management was established by Chartered Institute of Building, by the members of the institution. According to the new statement, a construction manager is going to be responsible for the entire corporate members of MCIOB and other FCIOB. He is solely assigned for the post of any construction project, just after the design gets completed or is in the verge of getting completed. This can only be done after the bidding process gets over, with various contractors.
The entire bidding process takes place with the help of one of the three major processes, which are, a best-value selection, low bid selection or it can be qualifications based selection. This can be defined as the major role of a contractor. If you want to hold the post of a constructional manager, then you will have to prove your best in various segments. Some of those areas are time management, public safety, quality management, cost management, mathematics, decision making, human resources and also working drawings. However, he will be assisted with his team of well-trained and experienced personalities, who have proper knowledge in this segment. Moreover, the experienced players are the most reliable choice in this section.
There are specific functions associated with a manager, appointed for the post of Construction Project Management. They need to specify the objectives and plans of the project, which include budgeting, scope, setting performance, scheduling and also other selection procedure of the participants. Moreover, he is solely responsible for looking after the resource efficiency services, with the help of labor procurement, equipment and proper materials of the project.
Construction manager is also held responsible for developing eminent communicative services and mechanisms with the prospective clients. They can even implement the operations with the help of control planning and proper coordination services. Other areas, which they will look after, are cost estimation, designing, construction and contracting of any latest project.
Propping Equipments
Today, building structures have become so innovative that ordinary propping equipment can no longer support the challenging techniques. If the architecture has become advanced, the propping equipment, shoring system and propping accessories have also come up to the mark. To meet the new challenges, many inventive types of propping equipments have surfaced lately.
Some of the advanced propping equipments are:
Tilt Props
For the tilt up slab construction, tilt propping equipments are used. The push pull prop can be used for high load applications. Both sections of the props are permanently tagged with model and working loads. Tilt up can be dangerous as the heavy ton panels are lifted by cranes. Here the safety measures are very crucial. The Tilt Propping equipments are used to support the whole process of the tilt up construction.
Acrow Props
The Acrow Props are very vital for any construction. Every building construction needs the Acrow Props for support. The Acrow Props offers the simplest and quickest method of temporary support and that is why it is necessary in every construction.
Titan Props
A Titan Prop is capable of supporting eight times the load for the same weight of its steel counterpart. Titan Props can be easily handled in discomfited locations and is suitable for tight and difficult access applications.
Multi Props
Multi props post shores are usually made of aluminium. They are considerably very light. A Mega prop 350, which can be extended from 1.95m to 3.50m, can weigh only 18.8 kg. The Multi Props are high load-bearing capacity.
Trishore Props
The Trishore Props have many advantages. They are able to support heavy loads at considerable height, fine adjustment by screw jacks, economical and great savings in labour and transport, Trishore Props in groups can support extremely heavy loads and have interchangeable sections. The Trishore features intermediate sections available in three different lengths, domed bearing plate for concentric loading, head adjustment that fits R.S.J bearers and quick action connector.
Slim Soldier
Slim Soldier is a heavy-duty support for vertical and raking shoring. It can be used for variety of civil engineering and building works. The Slim Soldier can support both large walls and precast units. The Slim Soldiers can convert into effective push pull prop with the standard adjustable jack units to the ends linked with suitable end connections.
Megashore Props
The Megashore Props are ultra heavy-duty modular propping system, which has been designed for axial loads of up to 1,000 KN (100 tonne). It is highly versatility and used in heavy lifting towers, bracing for excavations, support spines for tunnel formwork, shoring and trusses.
How Hurricane Ike Underscores the Importance of an Effective Water Purification Process
I’m shocked. I was listening to a radio news story about the aftermath of Hurricane Ike in the south Texas area. In an effort to provide local citizens with clean drinking water, a spokesman was saying that they were adding more chlorine to their water purification process. While you can expect chlorine to kill bacterial contaminants that have fouled the water system due to the hurricane, chlorine cannot be counted on to remove synthetic chemical contaminants that were probably also deposited in the water. Chlorine is a disinfectant. It is not a filter. When you explain water purification, that distinction must be made!
Disinfection
With the landscape of southern Texas dotted with numerous oil refineries it only makes sense that people would be alarmed about the possibility of their water being contaminated by refinery chemicals. Add to that the possible contamination by all types of waste (industrial, medical, etc.) and it becomes apparent that the need to explain water purification can be crucial.
Adding more chlorine to a chlorine-based water purification process has the potential for making a dangerous situation even worse. While it may be able to prevent water-borne diseases like typhoid and cholera from erupting, chlorine has serious drawbacks that are going to be magnified with increased doses in the water.
Chlorine leaches heavy metals, like lead, as it flows through the aging plumbing systems of many homes. Lead is poisonus to humans.
Chlorine also creates chloroform gas in the vapor of a bathroom shower. And who knows what kind of dangerous chemical reactions increased levels of chlorine will have with any of the contaminants that have been introduced into the water as a result of Hurrican Ike.
If you explain water purification based on disinfection, then chlorine is probably going to make up a large part of that explanation.
Filtration
It is apparent that a water purification process that is based on filtration, rather than disinfection, is going to have to be utilized if people want to ensure that the the water they drink, cook and bathe in is completely safe.
When you explain water purification based on filtration, several commonly-used systems immediately come to mind.
Reverse osmosis is a popular system that uses filtration, but usually requires the addition of a carbon filter to make sure that contaminants that are small enough to make it through the reverse osmosis membrane are caught. This water purficiation process is expensive and requires a lot of upkeep. People dealing with the costly destruction of a hurricane may find that a reverse osmosis system is not feasible.
Distillation is another potentially expensive water purification process. It, too, requires the addition of a carbon filter in order to catch all the contaminants that distillation is unable to remove. Ongoing maintenance is another requirement of distillation. The carbon filters must be changed frequently due to continuous build up of potentially harmful bacteria.